Spectrophotometric Determination of Macrolides Using Bromocresol Green in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Urine Samples

Keskar, Mrudul R.; Jugade, Ravin

doi:10.1080/22297928.2015.1026395

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Simple and rapid methods have been developed by Keskar and Jugade 33 for azithromycin, roxithromycin, and erythromycin by using bromocresol green as a reagent. These complexes were formed at 630, 620, and 625 nm with linear ranges of 4-46, 3-53, and 7-73 μg mL −1 for azithromycin, roxithromycin, and erythromycin, respectively.…”

Section: Spectrophotometric Methods For the Analysis Of Macrolide Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric Investigations of Macrolide Antibiotics: A Brief Review

Keskar

Jugade

2015

Anal Chem�Insights

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Macrolides, one of the most commonly used class of antibiotics, are a group of drugs produced by Streptomyces species. They belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Their activity is due to the presence of a large macrolide lactone ring with deoxy sugar moieties. They are protein synthesis inhibitors and broad-spectrum antibiotics, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Different analytical techniques have been reported for the determination of macrolides such as chromatographic methods, flow injection methods, spectrofluorometric methods, spectrophotometric methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods. Among these methods, spectrophotometric methods are sensitive and cost effective for the analysis of various antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations as well as biological samples. This article reviews different spectrophotometric methods for the determination of macrolide antibiotics.

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Section: Spectrophotometric Methods For the Analysis Of Macrolide Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric Investigations of Macrolide Antibiotics: A Brief Review

Keskar

Jugade

2015

Anal Chem�Insights

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“…Azithromycin. The AZT uptake by zebrafish was assessed according to the methodology adopted by Keskar and Jugade (2015), with little modifications. It was used 8 animals/group, weighing approximately 350 mg/animal, which were euthanized (immersion in ice-slurry) and subsequently macerated in 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min (at 4 °C).…”

Section: Model System and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impacts of COVID-19 treatment: Toxicological evaluation of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in adult zebrafish

Mendonça-Gomes

Araújo

Luz

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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One of the most impact issues in recent years refers to the COVID-19 pandemic, the consequences of which thousands of deaths recorded worldwide, are still inferior understood. Its impacts on the environment and aquatic biota constitute a fertile field of investigation. Thus, to predict the impact of the indiscriminate use of azithromycin (AZT) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in this pandemic context, we aim to assess their toxicological risks when isolated or in combination, using zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a model system. In summary, we observed that 72 h of exposure to AZT and HCQ (alone or in binary combination, both at 2.5 μg/L) induced the reduction of total protein levels, accompanied by increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species and nitrite, suggesting a REDOX imbalance and possible oxidative stress. Molecular docking analysis further supported this data by demonstrating a strong affinity of AZT and HCQ with their potential antioxidant targets (catalase and superoxide dismutase). In the protein-protein interaction network analysis, AZT showed a putative interaction with different cytochrome P450 molecules, while HCQ demonstrated interaction with caspase-3. The functional enrichment analysis also demonstrated diverse biological processes and molecular mechanisms related to the maintenance of REDOX homeostasis. Moreover, we also demonstrated an increase in the AChE activity followed by a reduction in the neuromasts of the head when zebrafish were exposed to the mixture AZT+HCQ. These data suggest a neurotoxic effect of the drugs. Altogether, our study demonstrated that short exposure to AZT, HCQ or their mixture induced physiological alterations in adult zebrafish. These effects can compromise the health of these animals, suggesting that the increase of AZT and HCQ due to COVID-19 pandemic can negatively impact freshwater ecosystems.

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Can use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19 affect aquatic wildlife? A study conducted with neotropical tadpole

Luz

Araújo

Estrela

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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The impacts on human health and the economic and social disruption caused by the pandemic COVID-19 have been devastating. However, its environmental consequences are poorly understood. Thus, to assess whether COVID-19 therapy based on the use of azithromycin (AZT) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during the pandemic affects wild aquatic life, we exposed (for 72 hours) neotropical tadpoles of the species Physalaemus cuvieri to the water containing these drugs to 12.5 μg/L. We observed that the increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase in tadpoles exposed to AZT (alone or in combination with HCQ) was predominant to keep the production of NO, ROS, TBARS and H 2 O 2 equitable between the experimental groups. In addition, the uptake of AZT and the strong interaction of AZT with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), predicted by the molecular docking analysis, were associated with the anticholinesterase effect observed in the groups exposed to the antibiotic. However, the unexpected increase in butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in these same groups suggests its constitutive role in maintaining cholinergic homeostasis. Therefore, taken together, our data provide a pioneering evidence that the exposure of P. cuvieri tadpoles to AZT (alone or in combination with HCQ) in a predictably increased environmental concentration (12.5 μg/L) elicits a compensatory adaptive response that can have, in the short period of exposure, guaranteed the survival of the animals. However, the high energy cost for maintaining physiological homeostasis, can compromise the growth and development of animals and, therefore, in the medium-long term, have a general negative effect on the health of animals. Thus, it is possible that COVID-19 therapy, based on the use of AZT, affects wild aquatic life, which requires greater attention to the impacts that this drug may represent.

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Spectrophotometric Determination of Macrolides Using Bromocresol Green in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Urine Samples

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Spectrophotometric Investigations of Macrolide Antibiotics: A Brief Review

Spectrophotometric Investigations of Macrolide Antibiotics: A Brief Review

Environmental impacts of COVID-19 treatment: Toxicological evaluation of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in adult zebrafish

Can use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19 affect aquatic wildlife? A study conducted with neotropical tadpole

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