Spectrophotometric and Multivariate Calibration Techniques for Simultaneous Determination of Different Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine: Evaluation of Greenness Profile

Abstract

Eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective two spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of atenolol, paracetamol, hydrochlorothiazide, and levofloxacin. The first method is the newly developed extended derivative ratio (EDR) and the second method is multivariate curve resolution—alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). In the EDR method, the extended derivative ratio amplitudes at 281.6, 237.6, 279.2, and 282.8 nm were used for quantification of atenolol, paracetamol, hydrochlorothiazide, and levofloxacin, respectively. In the MCR-ALS method, calibration model was developed and correlation constraint was employed. External validation data set composed of seven mixtures was used, and different figures of merits such as root mean square error of prediction, standard error of prediction, bias, and relative error of prediction were calculated, and satisfactory results were obtained. Both methods provided comparable results. The methods were validated and applied for the determination of the target analytes in dosage forms, spiked and real human urine. Thereafter, the obtained results were statistically compared to the published methods and revealed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the greenness profile of the methods was evaluated using the National Environmental Methods Index “NEMI” and Analytical Eco-Scale. The developed methods can be used as a valid eco-friendly and simple cost-effective alternative to the commonly used chromatographic methods for the routine analysis of the studied drugs in dosage forms and human urine.

Simultaneous determination of meloxicam and bupivacaine via a novel modified dual wavelength method and an advanced chemometric approach

“…The iterative alternating least squares (ALS) procedure is performed. This iteration process involves decomposition of the (D) matrix (spectral data) into bilinear relation between the data matrix and components concentrations, estimation of the optimum number of components, and finally the determination of the concentration matrix and pure spectra matrix ( C and S T ) 20 , 21 . Pure spectra of 500 μg mL −1 BUP and 50 μg mL −1 MEL were applied for initial estimations for the constructed MCR-ALS model.…”

A Green Eco-friendly Analytical Method Development, Validation, and Stress Degradation Studies of Favipiravir in Bulk and Different Tablet Dosages Form by UV-spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC Methods with their Comparison by Using ANOVA and in-vitro Dissolution Studies

“…According to the formula (Analytical Eco-scale = 100-total penalty points), the AES technique determines the analytical methods' Eco-scale score and penalty points. 28 The *Mean of three observations.Method A (Zero order spectrophotometric method), Method B (First-order spectrophotometric method), Method C (Area under the curve spectrophotometric method), and Method D (RP-HPLC method). 12).…”

Green Chemometric Determination of Cefotaxime Sodium in the Presence of Its Degradation Impurities Using Different Multivariate Data Processing Tools; GAPI and AGREE Greenness Evaluation

“…Therefore, the multivariate methods were an excellent solution to this problem, as they represented a mathematical resolution of severely overlapped spectra, unlike the conventional univariate spectrophotometric techniques, which suffer from a lack of resolution [24,25]. Accordingly, multivariate chemometric methods were applied for the simultaneous determination of several multicomponent mixtures [26][27][28]. Moreover, the stability-indicating multivariate chemometric methods could be applied for the determination of several analytes in the presence of their degradation products [29][30][31].…”