Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 3. Effect of Signal Averaging on Limit of Detection

Electrochemical and optical evaluation of noble metal– and carbon–ITO hybrid optically transparent electrodes

“…In fact, it has served as the OTE of choice for many of our spectroelectrochemical sensing applications [41][42][43][44]. As such, it is instructive to compare the resistances of the hybrid thin films on ITO and bare ITO, as well as on other metal/carbon films of nonconductive substrates that have been reported in the literature [1,12].…”

Waveguide surface plasmon resonance studies of surface reactions on gold electrodes

“…When used in this way the waveguide structure responds to changes in the imaginary part of the complex refractive index of the superstrate, in contrast to the planar waveguide surface plasmon resonance device which responds to changes in both the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index. For example, Piraud et al 21,22 have described an electrochemically regenerated chlorine sensor based on a lutetium phthalocyanine coated integrated waveguide structure, Dunphy et al 18,19 have used grating coupled step index slab waveguides to study adsorption of strongly coloured species at electrode surfaces, and Heineman et al 23,[25][26][27][28] have recently combined electrochemical modulation, selective adsorption into thin coatings, and planar waveguide optical measurements to develop highly sensitive and selective solution phase chemical sensors. In contrast a bare handful of papers describe SPR studies employing waveguide structures, despite the evident potential advantages of this approach.…”

Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 7. Sensing of Fe(CN)64-

“…These distribution coef®cients (ratio of concentration in the ®lm to the solution concentration) are concentration dependent and increase at lower analyte concentrations. For example, a distribution coef®cient of 10 4 was reported for 1.0610 À5 M Ru(bipy) 3 2 in the Na®on-SiO 2 ®lm [12]. A diffusion coef®cient of 3.2610 À11 cm 2 =s was determined by cyclic voltammetry for ferrocyanide in a PDMDAACSiO 2 ®lm loaded from 8.0 mM Fe(CN) 6 4À , 0.1 M KNO 3 .…”

“…A variety of materials have been used as the selective coatings including ionomers trapped in porous SiO 2 prepared by the sol-gel process [poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-SiO 2 , and Na®on-SiO 2 ] and polymer blend ®lms [poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride), poly(acrylic acid), and Na®on in cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) as matrix]. Operation and performance of the three modes of selectivity were described using binary mixtures consisting of Fe(CN) 6 3À and Ru(BiPy) 3 2 and of Fe(CN) 6 4À and Ru(CN) 6 4À in aqueous solutions [2]. Selectivity was demonstrated for the chosen analyte by choice of chemically selective ®lm, electrolysis potential and wavelength for optical monitoring.…”