Spectroelectrochemical monitoring of electrode reactions by multiple specular reflection spectroscopy

High-sensitivity spectroelectrochemistry based on electrochemical modulation of an absorbing analyte

“…The peak at -0.5 V is due to the quinone and is probably due to thermal or concentration induced refractive index gradients. optically transparent electrode (7) optically transparent thin-layer electrode (7) internal reflection spectroelectrochemistry (23) fiber optic thin-layer cell (15) long path thin-layer cell (13) multiple specular reflection (24) sinusoidally modulated ac reflectance (19) glancing incidence reflection (25) parallel absorption (12) diffraction with signal averaging (17) modulated diffraction (this exptl Am," = 0.015 b = 1.1 cm " Minimum value for eC derived from equations for absorbance given in original references. 6 Calculated value for conditions listed, unless indicated as an experimental value.…”

Thin-layer electrochemical cell for long optical pathlength observation of solution species

“…The analytical utility of hydrodynamically modulated voltammetry based on application of sine-wave and squarewave modulations about a nonzero, average rotational velocity for rotating disk electrodes was examined by Miller, Bellavance, and Bruckenstein (1). Subsequently, Miller, Bruckenstein, and co-workers have focused their efforts on the sinusoidal version of hydrodynamically modulated voltammetry (SHMV) (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Major emphasis by these workers has been placed upon the theoretical basis of the technique, the determination of heterogeneous kinetic parameters for quasi-reversible and irreversible systems, the determination of diffusion coefficients, and applications to trace analysis.…”

“…The WEs were cut from glassy carbon (grade 20, Tokai Carbon (3) thumbscrew and mount, (4) cell, ( 5) auxiliary electrode chamber, (6) pressure plate, (7) working electrode, (8a) Teflon thickness spacer, (8b) silicone rubber seal, ( 9) quartz window, (10) reference electrode chamber, (11) solution Inlet chamber.…”

Glassy carbon and graphite electrodes with a hole for long path length thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry

“…Such cells employ electrodes rendered transparent by using either a thin film of conducting material on a transparent support or a minigrid electrode (16)(17)(18). Longer optical path lengths have been achieved by reflecting the light beam at glancing incidence or by passing a beam adjacent and parallel to the electrode surface (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). In these latter cases, the electrode may be opaque with respect to the optical bee .…”