Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of Charge Carriers as a Way of Improving Poly(p-phenylene)-Based Electrochromic Windows

Abstract

We show the electrochemical polymerization and characteristic of six pphenylene derivatives. The electroactive comonomers and polymers containing furan, thiophene, and selenophene units are studied using electrochemical techniques (differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical deposition, and voltabsorptiometry) in order to characterize layers, charge carriers, and energy electronic levels. The possibility of using such polymers as electrochromic windows is presented. Simple evaluation of charge carriers helps to explain the long switching time of electrochromic window.

Efficient p-phenylene based OLEDs with mixed interfacial exciplex emission

“…The IP and EA values gained from these electrochemical measurements (Table S1) assist in designing the OLED structures in further studies. The full electrochemical investigation was described in previous investigation [24]. Optical properties of synthesized heteroarene derivatives were assessed in various environments, including in dilute solutions of toluene and ethanol, in a rigid polystyrene matrix and the wet-cast films.…”

“…Investigated p-phenylene compounds (EE)-1,4-di(iso-propoxy)-2,5-bis[2-(furan-2-yl) ethenyl]benzene (1a), (EE)-1,4-di(iso-propoxy)-2,5-bis[2-(tiophen-2-yl) ethenyl]benzene (1b), (EE)-1,4-di (iso-propoxy)-2,5-bis[2-(selenophen-2-yl) ethenyl]benzene (1c), 1,4-di(iso-propoxy)-2,5-bis(furan-2-yl) benzene (2a), 1,4-di(isopropoxy)-2,5-bis(thiophen-2-yl) benzene (2b), 1,4-di(iso-propoxy)-2,5-bis(selenophen-2-yl) benzene (2c) and their derivatives were previously described [24,25] and synthesized according to our previously published procedures [26,27].…”

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

“…In OLED application, the energy level values are necessary to enable the use of the correct host for the emitter in a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) guest-host system or to decide with which compounds the exciplex donor-acceptor layer could be formed and what additional layers (electron transporting layer (ETL), hole transporting layer (HTL), electron blocking layer (EBL), and hole blocking layer (HBL)) will be necessary to synthesize stable efficiently charged balanced OLED devices 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 . Additional electrochemical measurements allow the investigation of possible side reactions during the process of degradation of the active layer and the formation of low mobile charge carriers (bipolarons) 18 19 20 21 22 .…”

“…Coupling electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods allows for easy, accurate, and reliable determination of the degree of oxidation or reduction of conjugated compounds and their degradation potential, which is crucial for stability 23 24 25 26 27 28 . Ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy coupled with electrochemistry can characterize the fundamental chromatic properties of all new conjugated compounds, such as the changing of the absorption band during doping 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 .…”

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

“…The CV technique has broad applications, e.g. , energy levels estimations 4 5 6 , the charge carriers analysis supported by spectroscopies 7 8 9 10 , up to surface modifications 11 12 13 . Like every method, CV is not perfect and to increase the applicability and quality of results, the connection with another spectroscopic technique is important.…”