Spectrally resolved luminescence lifetime detection for measuring the energy splitting of the long-lived excited states

Auto-Phase-Locked Time-Resolved Luminescence Detection: Principles, Applications, and Prospects

“…However, there is no need to detect the microsecond-delay luminescence with nanosecond shutters, and a wide range of technologies were developed in the past decades to reduce the cost for time-resolved detection of phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence (Marriott et al, 1991(Marriott et al, , 1994Verwoerd et al, 1994; FIGURE 1 | Schematic of pinhole shifting for scanning imaging of the delayed luminescence. Vereb et al, 1998;Connally, 2011;Jin, 2011;Jin and Piper, 2011;Jin et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2014;Zheng et al, 2016;Sakiyama et al, 2018;Zhu andShu, 2018, 2019;Zhu et al, 2018b;Yang et al, 2019;Deng et al, 2020). Some methods based on CW excitation were even developed to achieve time-resolved luminescence detection (Nuñez et al, 2013;Petrášek et al, 2016;Zhu, 2019).…”

“…For detecting the delayed luminescence within nanoseconds, the related instruments are always composed of elements, such as ultrafast lasers, high-speed cameras and precise control circuits, which are very complicated and expensive to be popularized. However, there is no need to detect the microsecond-delay luminescence with nanosecond shutters, and a wide range of technologies were developed in the past decades to reduce the cost for time-resolved detection of phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence (Marriott et al, 1991 , 1994 ; Verwoerd et al, 1994 ; Vereb et al, 1998 ; Connally, 2011 ; Jin, 2011 ; Jin and Piper, 2011 ; Jin et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Zheng et al, 2016 ; Sakiyama et al, 2018 ; Zhu and Shu, 2018 , 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2018b ; Yang et al, 2019 ; Deng et al, 2020 ).…”

“…For wide-field time-resolved imaging, low-cost shutters are used more and more widely for detecting luminescence with a delay over microseconds (Marriott et al, 1991 , 1994 ; Verwoerd et al, 1994 ; Vereb et al, 1998 ; Connally, 2011 ; Jin, 2011 ; Jin and Piper, 2011 ; Jin et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Zheng et al, 2016 ; Sakiyama et al, 2018 ; Zhu and Shu, 2018 , 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2018b ; Yang et al, 2019 ; Deng et al, 2020 ). Notably, a mechanical chopper in combination with a highly sensitive camera is an alternative in time-gated luminescence imaging (Marriott et al, 1991 , 1994 ; Vereb et al, 1998 ; Connally, 2011 ; Jin, 2011 ; Jin and Piper, 2011 ; Jin et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Zheng et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Most of these techniques are mainly used in detecting nanosecond-delayed fluorescence. As the developments of phosphorescence, delayed fluorescence and upconversion luminescence materials, these materials could emit luminescence with a delay time over microseconds or milliseconds (Marriott et al, 1991(Marriott et al, , 1994Verwoerd et al, 1994;Vereb et al, 1998;Connally et al, 2006;Connally and Piper, 2008;Bünzli, 2010;Gahlaut and Miller, 2010;Connally, 2011;Jin, 2011;Jin and Piper, 2011;Damayanti et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2013Yang et al, , 2019Grichine et al, 2014;Hirvonen et al, 2014;Jin et al, 2014;Lu et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2014Zhang et al, , 2018Bergmann et al, 2016;Pominova et al, 2016;Zheng et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2016Zhu et al, , 2018aBui et al, 2017;Chen T. et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017;Sakiyama et al, 2018;Zhu andShu, 2018, 2019;Deng et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020), greatly reducing the requirement of temporal resolution and the cost of the instruments. Combining with the use of low-cost shutters and automatic synchronization methods, CW light sources and common cameras were successfully used to accomplish the time-resolved luminescence detection with the temporal resolution ranging from microseconds to milliseconds (Marriott et al, 1991(Marriott et al, , 1994Verwoerd et al, 1994;…”

“…As the developments of phosphorescence, delayed fluorescence and upconversion luminescence materials, these materials could emit luminescence with a delay time over microseconds or milliseconds (Marriott et al, 1991 , 1994 ; Verwoerd et al, 1994 ; Vereb et al, 1998 ; Connally et al, 2006 ; Connally and Piper, 2008 ; Bünzli, 2010 ; Gahlaut and Miller, 2010 ; Connally, 2011 ; Jin, 2011 ; Jin and Piper, 2011 ; Damayanti et al, 2013 ; Yang et al, 2013 , 2019 ; Grichine et al, 2014 ; Hirvonen et al, 2014 ; Jin et al, 2014 ; Lu et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 , 2018 ; Bergmann et al, 2016 ; Pominova et al, 2016 ; Zheng et al, 2016 ; Zhu et al, 2016 , 2018a , b ; Bui et al, 2017 ; Chen T. et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Sakiyama et al, 2018 ; Zhu and Shu, 2018 , 2019 ; Deng et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ), greatly reducing the requirement of temporal resolution and the cost of the instruments. Combining with the use of low-cost shutters and automatic synchronization methods, CW light sources and common cameras were successfully used to accomplish the time-resolved luminescence detection with the temporal resolution ranging from microseconds to milliseconds (Marriott et al, 1991 , 1994 ; Verwoerd et al, 1994 ; Vereb et al, 1998 ; Connally, 2011 ; Jin, 2011 ; Jin and Piper, 2011 ; Jin et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Zheng et al, 2016 ; Sakiyama et al, 2018 ; Zhu and Shu, 2018 , 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2018b ; Yang et al, 2019 ; Deng et al, 2020 ). In this review, we will focus on these low-cost time-resolved techniques, especially chopper-based time-resolved luminescence detections.…”