Spectrally opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway: slow +M and −L cone inputs revealed by intense long‐wavelength adaptation

Stockman, Andrew; Plummer, Daniel J.; Montag, Ethan D.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.084046

Cited by 27 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Another complication is that the L-and M-cone suppressions, particularly on long-wavelength fields, may be due in part to constructive and destructive interference between the fast and slow M-and L-cone signals (Stockman, Montag et al, 2006;Stockman & Plummer, 2005a, 2005bStockman et al, 2005). These interference effects are most prominent near 15 Hz.…”

Section: Chromatic Suppression Of the Cone Inputs To Luminancementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Second, it minimizes sluggish spectrally opponent (but achromatic) L-and M-cone contributions that can be prominent in HFP at lower frequencies on some spectral fields. These interactions may be especially problematical near 15 Hz, where large frequency-and intensity-dependent changes in flicker sensitivity and phase delay are found, but they decrease as the frequency is further increased (see, e.g., Stockman, Montag, & MacLeod, 1991;Stockman & Plummer, 1994, 2005bStockman, Plummer, & Montag, 2005;Stromeyer et al, 1997Stromeyer et al, , 2000Swanson, Pokorny, & Smith, 1987). Third, it minimizes the small contributions to HFP from the S-cones, which are found on longer wavelength fields (e.g., Stockman, MacLeod, & DePriest, 1991).…”

Section: Advantages Of Using 25-hz Flickermentioning

confidence: 97%

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The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation

et al. 2008

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We investigated the dependence of luminous efficiency on background chromaticity by measuring 25-Hz heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) matches in six genotyped male observers on 21 different 1000-photopic-troland adapting fields: 14 spectral ones ranging from 430 to 670 nm and 7 bichromatic mixtures of 478 and 577 nm that varied in luminance ratio. Each function was analyzed in terms of the best-fitting linear combination of the long- (L) and middle- (M) wavelength sensitive cone fundamentals of A. Stockman and L. T. Sharpe (2000). Taking into account the adapting effects of both the backgrounds and the targets, we found that luminous efficiency between 603 and 535 nm could be predicted by a simple model in which the relative L- and M-cone weights are inversely proportional to the mean cone excitations produced in each cone type multiplied by a single factor, which was roughly independent of background wavelength (and may reflect relative L:M cone numerosity). On backgrounds shorter than 535 nm and longer than 603 nm, the M-cone contribution to luminous efficiency falls short of the proportionality prediction but most likely for different reasons in the two spectral regions.

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Section: Chromatic Suppression Of the Cone Inputs To Luminancementioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Advantages Of Using 25-hz Flickermentioning

confidence: 97%

The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation

et al. 2008

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“…Indeed, similarly large delays are found in many other experiments using L-, M-, and Scone flicker using similarly sized fields (Stockman, Montag, & Plummer, 2006;Stockman & Plummer, 2005a, 2005bStockman, Plummer, & Montag, 2005;Stockman, Sharpe, Zrenner, & Nordby, 1991;Stromeyer et al, 2000). This is a topic we will return to in future papers.…”

Section: Determination Of the Late Filter Shapesmentioning

confidence: 77%

Color and brightness encoded in a common L- and M-cone pathway with expansive and compressive nonlinearities

Stockman¹,

Petrova²,

Henning³

2014

Journal of Vision

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Lights near 560 nm appear brighter when flickered, whereas lights near 520 or 650 nm appear yellower. Both effects are consistent with signal distortion within the visual pathway-brightness changes at an expansive nonlinearity, and hue shifts at a compressive one. We previously manipulated the distortion products generated by each nonlinearity to extract the temporal properties of stages of the L-and M-cone pathways that signal brightness and color before (early stages) and after (late stages) each nonlinearity. We find that the attenuation characteristics of the early and late stages are virtually identical in both pathways: The early temporal stage acts like a band-pass filter peaking at 10-15 Hz, while the late stage acts like low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency near 3 Hz. We propose a physiologically relevant model that accounts for the filter shapes and incorporates both nonlinearities within a common parvocellular pathway. The shape of the early band-pass filter is consistent with antagonism between center signals and more sluggish and delayed surround signals, while the late filter is consistent with a simple two-stage low-pass filter. Modeling suggests that the brightness change and hue shift are both initially caused by the half-wave rectification and partition of signals into ON and OFF components. However, the hue shift is probably caused by the additional effects of a later nonlinearity that compresses chromatic red and green signals. Plausible sites for the expansive half-wave rectifying nonlinearity are after surround antagonism, possibly from horizontal cells, but the compressive nonlinearity is likely to be after the late filter.

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“…Details of the apparatus and methods employed are presented elsewhere13,14 and summarized in Supplementary materials (online). Previous electrophysiological investigations12 were consistent with complete CSNB, indicating that JW had functioning rod as well as cone photoreceptors despite being night-blind.…”

Section: Subject and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…JW was unable to see the small, eccentric target normally used for these measurements, so a larger 10°-diameter target was presented centrally behind a diffuser for both him and the control subjects. Other procedural details have been published elsewhere 13. All psychophysical measurements for JW were conducted on his right eye.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysical measures of visual function and everyday perceptual experience in a case of congenital stationary night blindness

Cammack

Whight

Cross

et al. 2016

OPTH

Self Cite

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An appreciation of the relation between laboratory measures of visual deficit and everyday perceptual experience is fundamental to understanding the impact of a visual condition on patients and so to a fuller characterization of the disorder. This study aims to understand better the interpretative processes by which modified sensory information is perceived by a patient with congenital stationary night blindness and the adaptive strategies that are devised to deal with their measurable visual loss. Psychophysical measurements of temporal resolution, spectral sensitivity, and color discrimination were conducted on a 78-year-old male patient with the condition, who was also interviewed at length about the ways in which his diagnosis affected his daily life. Narrative analysis was employed to identify the relation between his subjective perceptual experiences and functional deficits in identifiable components of the visual system. Psychophysical measurements indicated a complete lack of rod perception and substantially reduced cone sensitivity. Two particular effects of this visual loss emerged during interviews: 1) the development of navigational techniques that relied on light reflections and point sources of light and 2) a reluctance to disclose the extent of visual loss and resulting lifelong psychosocial consequences. This study demonstrates the valuable complementary role that rich descriptive patient testimony can play, in conjunction with laboratory and clinical measurements, in more fully characterizing a disorder and in reaching a more complete understanding of the experience of vision loss. It also evidences the particular suitability of filmmaking techniques as a means of accessing and communicating subjective patient experience.

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Spectrally opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway: slow +M and −L cone inputs revealed by intense long‐wavelength adaptation

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation

The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation

Color and brightness encoded in a common L- and M-cone pathway with expansive and compressive nonlinearities

Psychophysical measures of visual function and everyday perceptual experience in a case of congenital stationary night blindness

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