Spectral model for long‐term computation of thermodynamics and potential evaporation in shallow wetlands

Fuente, Alberto de la; Meruane, Carolina

doi:10.1002/2017wr020515

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…They also reported a similar L v E diurnal cycle, which is close to 0 W m −2 in the morning and has a sudden enhancement in the afternoon caused by changes in the pattern of winds (de la Fuente, 2014;de la Fuente and Meruane, 2017). This result agrees with our description of morning-afternoon turbulent regimes shown in Figure 3a, but also regarding the diurnal cycle of r a (Fig.…”

Section: The Role Of Atmospheric Circulation On Evaporationsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Roco

2021

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We investigate the influence of regional atmospheric circulation on the evaporation of a saline lake in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert. For that, we conducted a field experiment in the Salar del Huasco (SDH) basin (135 km east of the Pacific Ocean), in November 2018. The measurements were based on surface energy balance (SEB) stations and airborne observations. Additionally, we simulate the meteorological conditions on a regional scale using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Our findings show two evaporation regimes: (1) a morning regime controlled by local conditions, in which SEB is dominated by the ground heat flux (∼0.5 of net radiation), very low evaporation (L v E < 30 W m −2 ) and wind speed <1 m s −1 ; and (2) an afternoon regime controlled by regional-scale forcing that leads to a sudden increase in wind speed (>15 m s −1 ) and a jump in evaporation to >500 W m −2 . While in the morning evaporation is limited by very low turbulence (u * ∼0.1 m s −1 ), in the afternoon strong winds (u * ∼0.65 m s −1 ) enhance the mechanical turbulence, increasing the evaporation.We find that the strong winds in addition to the locally available radiative energy are the principal drivers of evaporation. These winds are the result of a diurnal cyclic circulation between the Pacific Ocean and the Atacama Desert. Finally, we quantify the advection and entrainment of free-tropospheric air masses driven by boundary-layer development. Our research contributes to extend our understanding of evaporation drivers in arid regions and how large-scale processes affect directly local ones.

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Section: The Role Of Atmospheric Circulation On Evaporationsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Roco

2021

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“…Distance to a water body as a hydrological variable ranked third because adequate water recharge maintained the wetland water tables which affected the growth of wetland plants, ultimately changing wetland distribution [4,66]. Coldness index was important because it affected the growth of wetland plants and the evaporation of surface water [67]. Annual mean precipitation also affected the water tables of the wetland and provided water recharge, which played a significant role in wetland extent [68,69].…”

Section: The Relative Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Wetland Distribution Changes under Climate Change and Human Activities in a Mid- and High-Latitude Region

Zhao

Wang

et al. 2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:Wetlands in the mid-and high-latitudes are particularly vulnerable to environmental changes and have declined dramatically in recent decades. Climate change and human activities are arguably the most important factors driving wetland distribution changes which will have important implications for wetland ecological functions and services. We analyzed the importance of driving variables for wetland distribution and investigated the relative importance of climatic factors and human activity factors in driving historical wetland distribution changes. We predicted wetland distribution changes under climate change and human activities over the 21st century using the Random Forest model in a mid-and high-latitude region of Northeast China. Climate change scenarios included three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) based on five general circulation models (GCMs) downloaded from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5). The three scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) predicted radiative forcing to peak at 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 W/m 2 by the 2100s, respectively. Our results showed that the variables with high importance scores were agricultural population proportion, warmness index, distance to water body, coldness index, and annual mean precipitation; climatic variables were given higher importance scores than human activity variables on average. Average predicted wetland area among three emission scenarios were 340,000 ha, 123,000 ha, and 113,000 ha for the 2040s, 2070s, and 2100s, respectively. Average change percent in predicted wetland area among three periods was greatest under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario followed by RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 emission scenarios, which were 78%, 64%, and 55%, respectively. Losses in predicted wetland distribution were generally around agricultural lands and expanded continually from the north to the whole region over time, while the gains were mostly associated with grasslands and water in the most southern region. In conclusion, climatic factors had larger effects than human activity factors on historical wetland distribution changes and wetland distributions were predicted to decline remarkably over time under climate change scenarios. Our findings have important implications for wetland resource management and restoration because predictions of future wetland changes are needed for wetlands management planning.

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“…Our motivation for developing the simple expression of Equation 7 for computing the evaporation from unsaturated soils is that it simplifies the dynamic link between large-scale meteorological processes and basin-scale groundwater transport in the closed basins of the Altiplano region in the Andes Mountains of South America (Costelloe et al, 2009;de la Fuente & Meruane, 2017;Johnson et al, 2010;Suárez et al, 2020). In particular, groundwater in these closed basins upwells toward the terminal wetlands (oases in the desert) where it is completely evaporated; however, the amount of water that directly evaporates from the shallow aquifer is uncertain, and understanding how these unique ecosystems would behave in response to changes in the precipitation and the evaporation is necessary.…”

Section: Dimensionless Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these models require solving the water transport equations in the soil and coupling them to the atmospheric boundary layer (Davarzani et al, 2014), which makes them difficult to use in hydrological systems where surface water and ground water interact. Examples of these systems include the closed basins that are found in the Altiplano region of the Andes Mountains (Cabrol et al, 2009;de la Fuente & Niño, 2010;Risacher et al, 2003), whose hydrological cycle is also closed such that all the precipitation is completely evaporated within the basin (de la Fuente & Meruane, 2017;de la Fuente & Niño, 2010;Uribe et al, 2015). Attention is placed on wetlands that are found in the central depressions of these basins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation From Unsaturated Soils as a Function of the Air and Soil Sides of the Land Surface

Amesti

Fuente

Suárez

2020

Water Resources Research

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A theoretical framework for computing the evaporation from unsaturated soils is presented and validated based on laboratory experiments that were conducted in an uncontrolled environment where forcing variables vary in time according to diurnal meteorological cycles. This theory introduces a dimensionless number that controls the ratio between the actual and potential evaporation from unsaturated soils. The dimensionless number depends on the transfer velocity, which characterizes evaporation into the atmosphere, the diffusion coefficient of water vapor in the soil, and the water table depth. We show that depending on the value of the dimensionless number, evaporation can be limited by either the air-side or the soil-side of the land surface. For large transfer velocity values, evaporation is controlled by water vapor diffusion in the soil, while for shallow water tables, evaporation is controlled by water vapor transport from the land surface into the atmosphere. Despite the good agreement between the shape of the observed and predicted evaporation rates, a fitted dimensionless parameter is required to match the predicted evaporation rates. Possible explanations for this disagreement are given in the discussion. Plain Language Summary This article seeks to understand and quantify the hydrological cycle in closed basins that are found in the Altiplano region of the Andes Cordillera of South America. These closed basins are found in the desert and, by definition, have no outflow rivers, so the water that precipitates in the catchment must be completely evaporated within the catchment. An important part of this evaporation occurs in the open wetlands (many of which are protected by both national and international laws), which are found in the central depression of the basin, as well as in from the surrounding desert, where groundwater is located at a certain depth below the land surface. In this article, we propose and validate a simple expression for computing soil water evaporation and conduct laboratory experiments in an uncontrolled environment where air and soil temperatures, air humidity, and wind speed vary over time according to diurnal meteorological cycles. where E denotes evaporation expressed as (kg H2O /m 2 /s), k t is the transfer velocity (m/s), ρ v∞ is the water vapor concentration (kg H2O /m 3) far away from the surface, and ρ vi is the water vapor concentration (kg H2O /m 3) at the surface. Note that kg H2O and kg air are used to differentiate between water vapor mass and air mass, respectively. Both ρ v∞ and ρ vi can be written as follows (Brutsaert, 1982; Stull, 1988

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Spectral model for long‐term computation of thermodynamics and potential evaporation in shallow wetlands

Cited by 11 publications

References 57 publications

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Predicting Wetland Distribution Changes under Climate Change and Human Activities in a Mid- and High-Latitude Region

Evaporation From Unsaturated Soils as a Function of the Air and Soil Sides of the Land Surface

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