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HighlightsThis study used data normalization, radar chart and weighting difference analysis to compare the performances of four types of tea dryers in terms of drying efficiency, energy, costs, qualities, and total efficiency.The electro-thermal dryers were more energy-saving and environment friendly.The vacuum drum dryer has the potential for useful application in high quality tea drying. Abstract. Tea dryers are essential equipment for tea manufacturers whereby, the hot-air tea drying machines, such as multiple-layer conveyor dryer (MLD), electric hot-air dryer (HAD), and low-humidity dryer (LHD), are commonly used. The vacuum drum dryer (VDD), a new type of tea dryer, has the potential to improve the drying quality and efficiency. Hence, it is necessary to assess its performance in comparison with the other three dryers to facilitate its application in the tea industry. This study used data normalization, radar chart, and weighting difference analysis to compare the performance of these four dryers in terms of drying efficiency, energy, costs, qualities, and total efficiency. The evaluation results indicated that the investment cost of the HAD was the lowest among all, followed by LHD and MLD, while the VDD was the highest. In terms of the drying quality, the opposite trend was observed in which the VDD gave the best performance, and followed by LHD, MLD, and HAD. For the rating of total efficiency, HAD outperformed VDD and LHD, where the lowest total efficiency was attained by the MLD. Considering the equal weighting of cost and quality, it can be concluded that HAD showed the best performance while MLD was the worst. Different requirements for cost and qualities affect the final evaluation of tea dryers. The electro-thermal dryers were more energy-saving and environment friendly than the fuel dryer. The VDD has better performance in terms of drying rate and qualities. Despite its energy consumption and equipment costs are higher, it still has the potential for useful application in high-quality tea drying. The continuous effort of researchers and dryer manufacturers in reducing the input costs and enhancing the benefits can improve the energy consumption and machinery cost of VDD. Keywords: Dryer, Performance evaluation, Radar chart, Tea.
HighlightsThis study used data normalization, radar chart and weighting difference analysis to compare the performances of four types of tea dryers in terms of drying efficiency, energy, costs, qualities, and total efficiency.The electro-thermal dryers were more energy-saving and environment friendly.The vacuum drum dryer has the potential for useful application in high quality tea drying. Abstract. Tea dryers are essential equipment for tea manufacturers whereby, the hot-air tea drying machines, such as multiple-layer conveyor dryer (MLD), electric hot-air dryer (HAD), and low-humidity dryer (LHD), are commonly used. The vacuum drum dryer (VDD), a new type of tea dryer, has the potential to improve the drying quality and efficiency. Hence, it is necessary to assess its performance in comparison with the other three dryers to facilitate its application in the tea industry. This study used data normalization, radar chart, and weighting difference analysis to compare the performance of these four dryers in terms of drying efficiency, energy, costs, qualities, and total efficiency. The evaluation results indicated that the investment cost of the HAD was the lowest among all, followed by LHD and MLD, while the VDD was the highest. In terms of the drying quality, the opposite trend was observed in which the VDD gave the best performance, and followed by LHD, MLD, and HAD. For the rating of total efficiency, HAD outperformed VDD and LHD, where the lowest total efficiency was attained by the MLD. Considering the equal weighting of cost and quality, it can be concluded that HAD showed the best performance while MLD was the worst. Different requirements for cost and qualities affect the final evaluation of tea dryers. The electro-thermal dryers were more energy-saving and environment friendly than the fuel dryer. The VDD has better performance in terms of drying rate and qualities. Despite its energy consumption and equipment costs are higher, it still has the potential for useful application in high-quality tea drying. The continuous effort of researchers and dryer manufacturers in reducing the input costs and enhancing the benefits can improve the energy consumption and machinery cost of VDD. Keywords: Dryer, Performance evaluation, Radar chart, Tea.
Abstract. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most consumed drinks across the world. Based on processing techniques, there are more than 15 000 categories of tea, but the main categories include yellow tea, Oolong tea, Illex tea, black tea, matcha tea, green tea, and sencha tea, among others. Black tea is the most popular among the categories worldwide. During black tea processing, the following stages occur: plucking, withering, cutting, tearing, curling, fermentation, drying, and sorting. Although all these stages affect the quality of the processed tea, fermentation is the most vital as it directly defines the quality. Fermentation is a time-bound process, and its optimum is currently manually detected by tea tasters monitoring colour change, smelling the tea, and tasting the tea as fermentation progresses. This paper explores the use of the internet of things (IoT), deep convolutional neural networks, and image processing with majority voting techniques in detecting the optimum fermentation of black tea. The prototype was made up of Raspberry Pi 3 models with a Pi camera to take real-time images of tea as fermentation progresses. We deployed the prototype in the Sisibo Tea Factory for training, validation, and evaluation. When the deep learner was evaluated on offline images, it had a perfect precision and accuracy of 1.0 each. The deep learner recorded the highest precision and accuracy of 0.9589 and 0.8646, respectively, when evaluated on real-time images. Additionally, the deep learner recorded an average precision and accuracy of 0.9737 and 0.8953, respectively, when a majority voting technique was applied in decision-making. From the results, it is evident that the prototype can be used to monitor the fermentation of various categories of tea that undergo fermentation, including Oolong and black tea, among others. Additionally, the prototype can also be scaled up by retraining it for use in monitoring the fermentation of other crops, including coffee and cocoa.
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