Spectral-Efficient Network Design for High-Altitude Platform Station Networks With Mixed RF/FSO System

Lee, Ju-Hyung; Park, Kihong; Ko, Young-Chai; Alouini, Mohamed‐Slim

doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3154401

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Studies on FSO communication have primarily involved modeling and analyzing atmospheric channels, satellite-to-ground and inter-satellite network architectures, energy-efficient collaboration [74], and satellite network routing strategies. In [75], dual-hop mixed radio frequency/free-space optical networks, where backhaul-to-relay and relay-to-user communications employ FSO and RF links, are investigated. For the backhaul-to-relay link, FSO communication is consid-ered to meet the high throughput requirements of high-altitude platform satellites.…”

Section: Fso Of Istnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ISAC towards 6G Satellite–Terrestrial Communications: Principles, Status, and Prospects

Gu,

Xu,

Feng

et al. 2024

Electronics

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With the evolution of fifth-generation (5G) to sixth-generation (6G) communication systems, the utilization of spectrum resources faces incremental challenges. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology, as a crucial element in 6G technology, is expected to enhance energy efficiency and spectrum utilization efficiency by integrating radar and communication signals, achieving environmental awareness, and enabling scene interconnection. Simultaneously, to realize the vision of seamless coverage in 6G, research on integrated satellite-terrestrial communication has been prioritized. To integrate the advantages, ISAC for integrated satellite–terrestrial networks (ISTNs) in 6G has emerged as a potential research direction. This paper offers an extensive overview of the present state of key technologies for ISAC and the development of ISTNs. Meanwhile, with a focus on the ISTN-oriented 6G ISAC system, several hotspot topics, including future application scenarios and key technological developments, are outlined and demonstrated.

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Section: Fso Of Istnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ISAC towards 6G Satellite–Terrestrial Communications: Principles, Status, and Prospects

Gu,

Xu,

Feng

et al. 2024

Electronics

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“…For regions that have high probability of a certain weather condition (mainly cloud, rain, fog), frequencies with tolerable attenuation should be preferred in order to complement the behaviour of FSO main link by a RF back up link [192]. The hybrid radio frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) network can be employed in backhaul-to-relay and relay-touser communications when considering the limited backhaul communication in HAPs [193]. It resulted in improved power spectral efficiency in [191,193] respectively.…”

Section: A Experimentation and Adaptation To Real Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hybrid radio frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) network can be employed in backhaul-to-relay and relay-touser communications when considering the limited backhaul communication in HAPs [193]. It resulted in improved power spectral efficiency in [191,193] respectively. Joint optimization problems can be formed to help link aerial and terrestrial terminals by optimizing multiple-HAP deployment, power and spectral efficiency.…”

Section: A Experimentation and Adaptation To Real Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement Learning in the Sky: A Survey on Enabling Intelligence in NTN-Based Communications

et al. 2023

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Non terrestrial networks (NTN) involving 'in the sky' objects such as low-earth orbit satellites, high altitude platform systems (HAPs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be integral components of next generation cellular systems. With the deployment of 5G services and beyond, NTNs are leveraged to assist as aerial base stations in providing ubiquitous network connectivity and service to ground users or be deployed as aerial users connected to the cellular network. NTN-aided wireless communication offers multiple benefits such as mobility, flexibility, resistance to ground physical attacks and wide coverage. However, due to their limited resources and the current design of terrestrial cellular systems that do not account for aerial users, and other restrictions such as service requirements, limited available power and storage resources on high-throughput satellites, resource allocation, location of the high altitude platform base station and the flight trajectory of the UAVs need to be intelligently controlled to satisfy various objectives both from an aerial base station and overall network perspectives. To achieve this, many works have explored Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to allow aerial platforms in non-terrestrial networks to learn from past observations and achieve some optimal control policy. In this paper and differently from prior surveys, we contribute a comprehensive review of the control objectives required by non-terrestrial platforms that have been solved using RL formulations. We provide an up-to-date overview of the latest applications of RL techniques for different NTN-aided wireless communication aspects. The survey focuses on Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulations in terms of states, actions, and rewards. We synthesize a taxonomy from the surveyed literature and provide a comprehensive representation of the current usages of RL in NTN-aided wireless communications. A qualitative analysis of the level of realism achieved in the works presented in the literature is provided based on several factors that pertain to the simulation environment, station deployment setting, wireless channel assumption, and energy considerations. We also curate a list of challenges that remain to be considered by the research community in order to achieve more efficient deployments and close the simulation-to-reality gap.

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“…However, the backhaul constraint is eased by assuming an ideal, high-capacity FSO backhaul. To maximize the network throughput, the authors of [21] considered the association between aerial and terrestrial terminals, transmit power, and the deployment of multiple UAVs, wherein backhaul-to-relay and relay-to-user communications employed FSO and RF links, respectively. In [22], a hovering UAV-based serial FSO decode-and-forward relaying system that considers various types of channel impairments is investigated to improve system performance by optimizing the beam width, field of view, and UAVs' locations.…”

Section: Related Work and Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Backhaul-Aware User Association and Throughput Maximization in UAV-Aided Hybrid FSO/RF Network

Nafees

Huang

Thompson

et al. 2023

Drones

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Free-space optical (FSO) communication is expected to play an indispensable role with high data rates and low system complexity in beyond fifth-generation (B5G) networks. However, infrequent adverse weather conditions can incapacitate its performance. The combination of FSO and radio frequency (RF) has emerged as an effective alternative for meeting the growing need for high data rates in wireless communication networks. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are also anticipated to play an instrumental role in B5G networks due to their flexible movement and deployment. In this paper, a UAV-aided hybrid FSO/RF backhauling system using a matching game theory (GT) and reinforcement learning (RL) framework is investigated. We deploy a UAV to provide a user offloading service to an already existing ground base station (GBS), which is facing a reduced backhaul capacity due to weather attenuation (e.g., fog). It is considered that the GBS has a pre-installed FSO backhaul connection to a macro-base station (MBS). However, during adverse weather conditions, the FSO backhaul is severely affected, compromising the reliability of the FSO link. With the reduced FSO backhaul capacity, the GBS needs an additional backhaul link to support its backhaul data transmission to the destination MBS. As a result, instead of building an expensive permanent parallel RF link for the rare foggy situation, a UAV can be hired to serve a portion of the users, thereby reducing the GBS load. The users perform a matching game-based procedure to select the base station (BS) of their choice to maximize their utility. The UAV is deployed at an optimal altitude, and the bandwidth partition between the GBS and the UAV is optimized to maximize the system throughput using RL. Real weather data from the cities of Edinburgh and London in the U.K. are used to evaluate the performance of the system. The numerical results show the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to conventional methods.

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Spectral-Efficient Network Design for High-Altitude Platform Station Networks With Mixed RF/FSO System

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

ISAC towards 6G Satellite–Terrestrial Communications: Principles, Status, and Prospects

ISAC towards 6G Satellite–Terrestrial Communications: Principles, Status, and Prospects

Reinforcement Learning in the Sky: A Survey on Enabling Intelligence in NTN-Based Communications

Backhaul-Aware User Association and Throughput Maximization in UAV-Aided Hybrid FSO/RF Network

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