Spectral CT: a technology primer for contrast agent development

Schirra, Carsten O.; Brendel, Bernhard; Anastasio, Mark A.; Roessl, Ewald

doi:10.1002/cmmi.1573

Cited by 58 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In SPCCT, the transmitted spectrum is collected by photon-counting detectors that have the ability to respond individually to every single photon received and discriminate their energy 26,27 . The photons are divided into multiple different energy windows, referred to as bins, for which one or more boundaries can be adjusted to match the K-edge of the contrast agent studied, the K-edge being the binding energy of the K shell electron of an atom 3,28–30 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with other techniques such as MRI or nuclear imaging, the strengths of SPCCT for this type of application would be its high temporal and spatial resolution, as well as whole-body imaging capabilities. Moreover, SPCCT, as a pragmatic non-invasive tool for determining quantitative biodistribution in vivo over time, may be advantageous for use in the developing field of nanotechnology, which frequently uses heavy elements such as gold, bismuth, ytterbium, tantalum 8,27,45–47 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of spectral photon counting computed tomography K-edge imaging for determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo

et al. 2017

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Spectral photon counting computed tomography (SPCCT) is an emerging medical imaging technology. SPCCT scanners record the energy of incident photons, which allows specific detection of contrast agents due to measurement of their characteristic x-ray attenuation profiles. This approach is known as K-edge imaging. Nanoparticles formed from elements such as gold, bismuth or ytterbium have been reported as potential contrast agents for SPCCT imaging. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles have many applications in medicine, such as adjuvants for radiotherapy and photothermal ablation. Specific, longitudinal imaging of the biodistribution of nanoparticles would be highly attractive for their clinical translation. We therefore studied the capabilities of a novel SPCCT scanner to quantify the biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in vivo. PEGylated gold nanoparticles were used. Phantom imaging showed that concentrations measured on gold images correlated well with known concentrations (slope = 0.94, intercept = 0.18, RMSE = 0.18, R2 = 0.99). The SPCCT system allowed repetitive and quick acquisitions in vivo, and follow-up of changes in the AuNP biodistribution over time. Measurements performed on gold images correlated with the Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements in the organs of interest (slope = 0.77, intercept = 0.47, RMSE = 0.72, R2 = 0.93). TEM agreed with the imaging and ICP-OES in that much higher concentrations of AuNP were observed in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes (mainly in macrophages). In conclusion, we found that SPCCT is capable of repetitive and non invasive determination of the biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in vivo.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of spectral photon counting computed tomography K-edge imaging for determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo

et al. 2017

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“…Perhaps one of the newest and most exciting involves Spectral or Multicolor CT based on K-edge imaging. 118 Every element has electrons that inhabit energy “shells” which surround the nucleus. The shell closest to the nucleus is designated the K-shell.…”

Section: Alternative Modalities For Molecular Imaging Of Thrombusmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unmet clinical need: The history of thrombus imaging

Lanza

Cui

Schmieder

et al. 2019

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology

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Robust thrombus imaging is an unresolved clinical unmet need dating back to the mid 1970s. While early molecular imaging approaches began with nuclear SPECT imaging, contrast agents for virtually all biomedical imaging modalities have been demonstrated in vivo with unique strengths and common weaknesses. Two primary molecular imaging targets have been pursued for thrombus imaging: platelets and fibrin. Some common issues noted over 40 years ago persist today. Acute thrombus is readily imaged with all probes and modalities, but aged thrombus remains a challenge. Similarly, anti-coagulation continues to interfere with and often negate thrombus imaging efficacy, but heparin is clinically required in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis or coronary ruptured plaque prior to confirmatory diagnostic studies have been executed and interpreted. These fundamental issues can be overcome, but an innovative departure from the prior approaches will be needed.

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“…Furthermore, the elemental or material composition of the tissue can be deduced. This technique will be particularly powerful when used in combination with contrast agents, as it offers selective molecular imaging and the ability to differentiate between multiple contrast agents applied to the same tissue (Schirra et al, 2014). For further details regarding recent developments in microCT, the reader is referred to a recent review (Ritman, 2011).…”

Section: Case Study 3 -Imaging Of Living Organisms (Chrysalises)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional visualisation of soft biological structures by X-ray computed micro-tomography

Shearer

Bradley

Hidalgo‐Bastida

et al. 2016

Journal of Cell Science

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Whereas the two-dimensional (2D) visualisation of biological samples is routine, three-dimensional (3D) imaging remains a time-consuming and relatively specialised pursuit. Current commonly adopted techniques for characterising the 3D structure of non-calcified tissues and biomaterials include optical and electron microscopy of serial sections and sectioned block faces, and the visualisation of intact samples by confocal microscopy or electron tomography. As an alternative to these approaches, X-ray computed micro-tomography (microCT) can both rapidly image the internal 3D structure of macroscopic volumes at sub-micron resolutions and visualise dynamic changes in living tissues at a microsecond scale. In this Commentary, we discuss the history and current capabilities of microCT. To that end, we present four case studies to illustrate the ability of microCT to visualise and quantify: (1) pressure-induced changes in the internal structure of unstained rat arteries, (2) the differential morphology of stained collagen fascicles in tendon and ligament, (3) the development of Vanessa cardui chrysalises, and (4) the distribution of cells within a tissue-engineering construct. Future developments in detector design and the use of synchrotron X-ray sources might enable real-time 3D imaging of dynamically remodelling biological samples.

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Spectral CT: a technology primer for contrast agent development

Cited by 58 publications

References 36 publications

Evaluation of spectral photon counting computed tomography K-edge imaging for determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo

Evaluation of spectral photon counting computed tomography K-edge imaging for determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo

An unmet clinical need: The history of thrombus imaging

Three-dimensional visualisation of soft biological structures by X-ray computed micro-tomography

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