Specifying the Waveforms for the Calibration of CISPR 16-1-1 Measuring Receivers

Abstract

Ensuring the measuring receiver's compliance with the specifications given in CISPR 16-1-1 is mandatory. This is achieved through traceable calibration of the instrument regarding its standard requirements. Incidentally, the receiver's response to pulses of the weighting detectors is the most challenging aspect that must be calibrated. The calibration method requires generating broadband pulses of a given impulse area and at certain repetition frequencies. Such pulses must deliver a known quasi-peak level and have a flat spectrum over the frequency band under consideration. Whereas the standard states the tolerable uncertainties for the pulse characteristics, it does not stipulate their exact waveform. This void is significant because it hinders the reproducibility of the calibration method, it forbids to completely describe the CISPR 16-1-1 pulse generator and, it truncates the traceability chain. This paper proposes a parametric model for pulsed waveforms that are compliant with the requirements established for the calibration of the receivers' response to pulses. The model is numerically solved and evaluated for producing a waveform vector that can be transformed into a reference voltage signal using arbitrary function generators. The validity of the proposed waveforms is experimentally verified in terms of its time domain characteristics and its frequency spectrum.

Time-Domain Electromagnetic Characterization of Reaction Wheel for Space Applications

“…Multidomain means EMI measurements are processed and analyzed in time, frequency, and statistical domains, either independently or simultaneously. This allows for accurate spectral estimations according to standard specification [11], [13], [14] and complementary analysis, including waveform measurements, spectrograms, waterfall/persistence plots, and probabilistic information about the interference, e.g., the amplitude probability distribution (APD). Moreover, multichannel means the measurement system has more than one input.…”

“…Here, the hardware used was the 4-channels USB oscilloscope model PicoScope 5444B from Pico Technology. It has up to 16-b vertical resolution, 1 GS/s of maximum sampling rate, 200 MHz bandwidth, and memory of 512 MS. With this configuration, CISPR 16-1-1 baseline requirements are met for CISPR bands A and B [13], [17]. Using the appropriate settings, it is possible to measure and record the EMI in real-time and during long time intervals.…”

Metrological Characterization of EMI Receivers

“…One option is to use an RF sine-wave signal modulated with periodic rectangular pulses (also used to verify the AVG and RMS detectors). The spectrum flatness and response to pulses can also be fulfilled by other waveforms, such as trapezoidal waveform numerically synthesized by an arbitrary waveform generator [15] or a broadband multi-sine signal [1], however, this approach is only applicable to CISPR bands A/B, because typical arbitrary waveform generators are limited by the output signal amplitude. The CISPR bands C/D would again require amplitudes in order of tens to hundreds of volts (both for the synthesized trapezoidal and multisine waveforms).…”

Statistical Evaluation of Measurement Accuracy in Full Time-Domain EMI Measurement Systems

“…The response to pulses of the measuring receiver standard weighting detectors is evaluated by applying a reference pulse signal of known impulse area and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) [10], [11]. Then, the spectrum voltage level is measured for each frequency point within the corresponding CISPR band using the the peak (PK), quasi-peak (QP) and CISPR-Average (AV) detectors.…”