Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-Analysis

Gamble, Beau; Moreau, David; Tippett, Lynette J.; Addis, Donna Rose

doi:10.31234/osf.io/y84pu

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…As predicted, higher well-being and lower depressive symptoms were correlated with greater clarity, vividness, and detail (although the association between detail and depressive symptoms did not quite reach the threshold for substantial evidence). The magnitude of these effects was almost identical to that estimated in our recent meta-analysis on the specificity of future thinking in depression (Gamble et al, 2019). Evidence for the fragmentation of simulations was only inconclusive, despite small correlations in the predicted directions.…”

Section: Goal-directed Imaginationsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…As with goal setting, individual differences in simulation have been linked to important functional outcomes. In depression, for example, episodic simulation of positive future events tends to be less specific and detailed (Gamble, Moreau, Tippett, & Addis, 2019), and mental imagery is often experienced from an observer (third-person) rather than field (first-person) perspective (Holmes, Blackwell, Burnett Heyes, Renner, & Raes, 2016). Individuals who are able to more vividly imagine positive scenes in their future also tend to be more optimistic (Ji, Holmes, & Blackwell, 2017).…”

Section: Imagination and Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method also allowed us to explore whether aspects of these processes might be more parsimoniously explained by broader underlying factors. For example, 'detail' and 'vividness' have often been used interchangeably in studies of simulation (see Gamble et al, 2019, for a meta-analysis), though we are not aware of any empirical justification to do so, and it is unknown how closely these terms relate to other concepts, such as 'fragmentation'. We reasoned that such variables might be explained by a broader underlying factor reflecting the 'clarity' of simulations.…”

Section: Exploratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Futures We Want: How Goal-Directed Imagination Relates to Mental Health

Gamble

Tippett

Moreau

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Imagination is an adaptive ability that can be directed towards the pursuit of personal goals. While there is a wealth of research on goals, and on imagination, few studies lie at the intersection—little is known about individual differences in goal-directed imagination. In 153 adults, we examined how 28 aspects of goal setting and goal-directed imagination relate to mental health. Higher well-being and lower depressive symptoms were strongly linked to having goals that were more attainable, under control, and expected to bring more joy; and to goal-directed imagination that was clearer, more detailed, and more positive. These variables also predicted greater goal progress two months later. Importantly, having more intrinsically rewarding goals predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms over time, while more positive imagination predicted an increase in well-being. These findings contribute to our understanding of goal-directed imagination, and highlight potential targets for goal- and imagery-based interventions to improve mental health.

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Section: Goal-directed Imaginationsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Imagination and Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exploratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Futures We Want: How Goal-Directed Imagination Relates to Mental Health

Gamble

Tippett

Moreau

et al. 2019

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…It is important to note, however, that moderation by valence was across all studies (k = 19), so it is possible that MDD (k = 7) shows differential effects to other psychopathologies such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. A subsequent meta-analysis conducted solely including depressive samples resulted in 37 studies and suggested that depressive symptoms contributed to reduced specificity for future events, more so for positive future thinking relative to negative or neutral future thinking (Gamble, Moreau, Tippett, & Addis, 2018). Considering the ability to detail future scenarios is necessary to plan and pursue goals, it can be argued that the hot cognitive profile of MDD manifests as a broader spectrum of cold cognitive deficits including planning and problem-solving abilities.…”

Section: Biased Memory For Negative Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hot-Cold Cognitive Model of Depression: Integrating the Neuropsychological Approach Into the Cognitive Theory Framework

Ahern

Bockting

Semkovska

2019

CPE

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In the 50 years following Beck’s cognitive theory, empirical research has consistently supported the role of dysfunctional, ‘hot’ cognition in the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder. Compromised ‘cold’ cognition in attention, memory, and executive control abilities, independent of the affective state, has attracted much clinical interest for its role throughout the course of illness and into remission. We propose integrating cold cognition into Beck’s cognitive theory framework to account for the complementary roles of both hot and cold cognition in depression onset and maintenance. A critical review of cognitive research was conducted to inform an integrated hot-cold cognitive model of depression. Cold cognitive deficits likely act as a gateway to facilitate the activation and expression of the hot cognitive biases through a weakened ability to attend, retrieve, and critically assess information. Cold deficits become exacerbated by the negative mood state, essentially ‘becoming hot’, lending to maladaptive emotion regulation through ruminative processes. Depleted cognitive resources contribute to the manifestation of further deficit in problem-solving ability in everyday life, which in itself, may act as a stressor for the onset of recurrent episodes, perpetuating the depressive cycle. We discuss the interaction between hot and cold cognition within the cognitive theory framework and the potential of complementary hot-cold pathways to elucidate novel means of prevention and treatment for depression. Dysfunction in hot (emotion-dependent) and cold (emotion-independent) cognition has been demonstrated in depression, but psychological treatment has largely focused on hot cognition only. Hot and cold cognition are complementary processes throughout the activation and maintenance of depressive schemas and biases, necessitating the consideration of both hot and cold cognitive aspects to disrupt the depressive cycle. The proposed hot-cold cognitive model shows promise to stimulate new research avenues for the prevention and treatment of depression. Dysfunction in hot (emotion-dependent) and cold (emotion-independent) cognition has been demonstrated in depression, but psychological treatment has largely focused on hot cognition only. Hot and cold cognition are complementary processes throughout the activation and maintenance of depressive schemas and biases, necessitating the consideration of both hot and cold cognitive aspects to disrupt the depressive cycle. The proposed hot-cold cognitive model shows promise to stimulate new research avenues for the prevention and treatment of depression.

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“…For example, patients with depression show deficits in retrieving concrete, specific details of positive episodic memories (Williams & Scott 1988). These patients also show deficits in updating negative abstract representations from new, concrete instances to the contrary (Korn et al 2014), and in producing vivid prospections about future positive events (Gamble et al 2019). These patients have access to abstract knowledge, but without concrete details, they are stymied in their attempts to simulate successfully.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%