Specific Treatment Exists for SARS-CoV-2 ARDS

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), seems to be difficult to overcome. A pandemic of such a scale has not been seen since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Although the predominant clinical presentation is respiratory disease, neurological manifestations and sequelae are increasingly being recognized. We observed a case series of rapid recovery of ARDS within 24 h in the preliminary clinical features of COVID-19 ARDS-associated neurological disease. It was also noted that by 15 April, 2021, there was no SARS-CoV-2 ARDS on Sorok Island in South Korea, where lepers had been living together. We compared each of dapsone’s effects on humans and considered those of SARS-CoV-2. Dapsone showed different effects in the brain. The Sorokdo National Hospital reported a relationship between dapsone and the neuroinflammasome of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Sorok Island from January 2005 to June 2020. AD prevalence was low in the leprosy patient group who took dapsone regularly. The preliminary cross-sectional study of the trial group (22 subjects) and the control group (22 subjects) in the Hunt Regional Hospital reported the following results: The chi-square statistic is 5.1836. The p-value is 0.022801. The result is considered significant at p < 0.05. The results from the medical treatment from 21 December to 29 December 2020 were considered. The mortality rates at the ARDS onset stage were 0% with dapsone administered as a standard COVID-19 treatment and 40% without dapsone administered as a standard COVID-19 treatment, respectively. Based on the respiratory failure and sudden high death rate originating from the involvement of the brainstem, especially the pre-Bötzinger complex, dapsone can be used to significantly reduce the incidence of the cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome and other illnesses caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Severe COVID-19 Is Characterised by Perturbations in Plasma Amines Correlated with Immune Response Markers, and Linked to Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

“…Other approaches supporting the redox state include nano-carriers that deliver antioxidant enzymes (such as MSR) to vascular cells [ 106 ], arginine supplementation [ 23 ], the ingestion of encapsulated glutathione (GSH) [ 91 , 107 , 108 ], or indirect increase in glutathione production via vitamin D supplementation [ 109 ]. Reduced ARDS incidence and death of COVID-19 patients were reported after treatment with Dapsone, an amino-sulfone analogue of methionine oxidation products that competes with the inflammasome [ 110 ]. The above studies showcase the potential of amine-related targets to support the immune system, reduce the severity of COVID-19 and improve the survival rates.…”

Dapsone is an anticatalysis for Alzheimer’s disease exacerbation

“…Dapsone may have achieved this through a competitive therapeutic mechanism to counter the progression of MCI to AD ( Lee et al., 2020b , 2021 ). This study explains that dapsone acts to inhibit the neuroinflammasome and ubiquitination stochastically by the flow of electrons ( Lee et al., 2020a ; Kanwar et al., 2021 ). ( Figure 4 )

Figure 4 Anticatalysis schematic diagram: blocking of the neuroinflammasome by Dapsone( Lee et al., 2020a ) Dapsone is a myeloperoxidase inhibitor.

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“…However, similar studies the following year showed no difference in discovering senile plaques between the patient and control groups ( Namba et al., 1992 ; Kimura and Goto, 1993 ; Goto et al., 1995 ). Therefore, we hypothesized that the lack of an effect of antileprosy drugs in preventing AD and Aβ neurotoxicity ( Endoh et al., 1999 ) should be a null hypothesis ( Lee et al., 2020b ; Kanwar et al., 2021 ). A pilot cohort study on dapsone was conducted from 2008 to 2020 and demonstrated recovery from AD to MCI ( Lee et al., 2020b , 2021 ).…”

“…In addition, PQBP1 shows an intracellular receptor in the cGAS-STING pathway for cDNA of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the transmissible neurodegenerative disease protein tau ( Jin et al., 2021 ). Dapsone (4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS) has been linked to an impact on the regulation of NLRP3, which activates mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD, and SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ( Namba et al., 1992 ; McGeer et al., 1992 , 1994 ; Lee et al., 2020b , 2021 ; Kanwar et al., 2021 , 2022 ).…”

Benefits of Using Dapsone in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

“…Therefore, in response to requests from patients and their families, we acceded to their entreaties "to try anything that might help" by discussing the potential risks and possible benefit of several untested, unproven treatments and anecdotal reports that have been published recently. This includes the published discussions of experience with, and rationale for, dapsone in the COVID-19 disease [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”