Specific Process Conditions for Non-Hazardous Classification of Hydrogen Handling Facilities

Byeon, Suk Ho

doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2021.05.004

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The zones in HAC are determined based on the type of flammable/combustible material, temperature, and heat pressure, as well as the leak size present while handling the material (Choi and Byeon, 2021). In the IEC/EN 600-79-1 standard, the zone type found in a hazardous area based on the grade of release and ventilation effectiveness is specified in Table 1.…”

Section: Hazardous Area Classification In Ethanol Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zones 20, 21, and 22 are only intended for areas containing combustible chemicals in the form of dust (combustible dust). The determination of gas or dust groups along with temperature classes is applied to each hazardous zone by considering the characteristics such as autoignition temperature and maximum experimental gap (Choi and Byeon, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hazardous Area Classification Assessment at a Pharmaceutical Industry in East Jakarta

Susilowati,

Lestari

2023

IJOSH

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Introduction: Fire is a common risk in any industrial facility that uses combustible and flammable raw materials, products, or supporting materials. Among others, the pharmaceutical industry is exposed to such risk due to the application of flammable liquids including ethanol as a volatile solvent in production areas, which has the potential to form explosive atmospheres through evaporation from pools created by accidental releases. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the hazardous area classification (HAC) in ethanol storage areas to facilitate the execution of risk mitigation efforts for reducing the role of ignition sources that cause fire and explosion. Methods: The HAC assessment was carried out in December 2021 - January 2022 using the quantitative method outlined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard: IEC/EN 60079-10-1 for zone determination. During flash point analysis, the ASTM D-93 method was employed to define the class of ethanol as a flammable liquid. Results: The ethanol storage areas fell into the zone 2 category based on the secondary grade of release, as well as the areas’ ventilation effectiveness with a medium dilution, and fair ventilation availability. The extent of zone 2 is up to 3 m from the release source. Conclusion: Ignition sources capable of leading to fire and explosion incidents in ethanol storage areas should be controlled.

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Section: Hazardous Area Classification In Ethanol Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous Area Classification Assessment at a Pharmaceutical Industry in East Jakarta

Susilowati,

Lestari

2023

IJOSH

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“…Berbagai bahan kimia digunakan dalam bentuk cair, padat dan gas yang mudah terbakar di berbagai unit operasi. Akibatnya, industri farmasi sangat berisiko terhadap kebakaran dan ledakan akibat penanganan bahan kimia berbahaya ini (9). Dalam menjamin kualitas obat yang diproduksi oleh PT.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Klasifikasi Area Berbahaya Pada Area Tempat Penyimpanan Gas Hidrogen Di Pt. Xy

Susilowati

Lestari

2022

Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health

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Dalam industri farmasi, risiko kebakaran dan ledakan tetap ada selama penggunaan berbagai bahan kimia berbahaya, baik dalam proses pembuatan obat maupun dalam menjaga kualitasnya. Penggunaan gas hidrogen di industri ini yang merupakan salah satu senyawa kimia yang mudah terbakar dan dapat menghasilkan ledakan paling dahsyat. Untuk mencegah aktivasi sumber penyalaan terdekat yang dapat memicu kebakaran dan ledakan, perlu dilakukan analisis klasifikasi area berbahaya dalam penyimpanan gas hidrogen yang merupakan tujuan utama dari studi ini. Metode dalam penilaian klasifikasi area berbahaya bersifat kuantitatif dengan berpedoman pada standar International Electrotechnical Comission (IEC): IEC/EN 60079-10-1 untuk menentukan zona berbahaya pada area penyimpanan tabung gas hidrogen. Berdasarkan penilaian tersebut, area penyimpanan tabung gas hidrogen termasuk dalam zona 2 dengan jangkauan zona hingga 2,5 meter dari sumber pelepasan. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan harus memikirkan upaya mitigasi risiko yang tepat untuk mengontrol sumber penyalaan seperti penggunaan listrik di sekitarnya yang dapat menyebabkan insiden kebakaran dan ledakan pada area penyimpanan gas ini.

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“…Hydrogen is listed as a highly reactive substance under Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996. It is a highly flammable gas with a wide flammability limit (4–75 vol %) and low ignition energy; − it is colorless, odorless, and burns with pale blue flame, which is nearly invisible to naked eyes during daylight . Moreover, liquid-state hydrogen release can result in serious cold damage .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Mitigation of Fire and Explosion Risks due to Hydrogen Leakage Using Targeted Nitrogen Nozzle Spray Approach

Tan

Ban

Chen

et al. 2022

ACS Chem. Health Saf.

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Hydrogen leakage may cause destructive incidents due to its high flammability and explosivity. Thus, better preventive methods must be used to mitigate the impacts. This paper proposed an approach using targeted nitrogen nozzle spray to induce both blower ventilation and inert gas atmosphere on leak sources to suppress hydrogen leakage because studies on blower ventilation and inert gas suppression to mitigate hydrogen leakage are usually conducted separately rather than coupled. Its feasibility was studied using computational fluid dynamics. Dispersion of leaked hydrogen, flammability zone, and room temperature were analyzed. Eight cases were conducted to compare three types of nozzle spray orientation, which are horizontal (90°) targeted nozzle spray, slanted (45°) targeted nozzle spray, and overhead sprinkler. The results showed that the slanted (45°) nozzle exhibited better performance. The distance between the nozzle and the leakage point and the nozzle orientations are the deciding factors of equal importance. Shorter distances such as that in targeted sprays can shorten the time for nitrogen to reach the leak source, and more concentrated nitrogen can be presented. However, proper orientation is required to provide better suppression and to prevent further damage. The proposed method can induce blower ventilation and inert atmosphere to suppress the leaked hydrogen effectively. It can be achieved by using existing industrial nozzle, and the hydrogen leakage from different locations can be treated by changing the nozzle orientations.

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Specific Process Conditions for Non-Hazardous Classification of Hydrogen Handling Facilities

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Hazardous Area Classification Assessment at a Pharmaceutical Industry in East Jakarta

Hazardous Area Classification Assessment at a Pharmaceutical Industry in East Jakarta

Klasifikasi Area Berbahaya Pada Area Tempat Penyimpanan Gas Hidrogen Di Pt. Xy

Enhanced Mitigation of Fire and Explosion Risks due to Hydrogen Leakage Using Targeted Nitrogen Nozzle Spray Approach

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