Specific patterns of XCO2 observed by GOSAT during 2009–2016 and assessed with model simulations over China

Deriving Full‐Coverage and Fine‐Scale XCO2 Across China Based on OCO‐2 Satellite Retrievals and CarbonTracker Output

“…The multiyear average of LGB XCO 2 was 404.29 ± 3.75 ppm across China during 2015–2018, with the highest level in East China (405.71 ± 3.72 ppm) and the lowest level in Northwest China (403.99 ± 3.47 ppm; Figures S10b and Table S10 in Supporting Information ). The spatial distributions of LGB XCO 2 are generally consistent with those of previous studies based on the data retrieved by the GOSAT satellite (Bie et al., 2020; Lv et al., 2020). The relatively lower capacity of CO 2 assimilation associated with the cold and dry climate as well as the intensive anthropogenic activities could be the main causes of the relatively higher XCO 2 in North and East China (Xu et al., 2017).…”

“…The national averages of LGB XCO 2 during 2015–2018 were 406.28 ± 3.19, 402.54 ± 3.95, 403.25 ± 3.31, and 405.08 ± 3.26 ppm in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. The seasonal pattern of higher XCO 2 in spring than summer was found in most regions of China (Figure 3 and Table S10 in Supporting Information ), consistent with the results of previous studies (Bie et al., 2020; Lv et al., 2020). The seasonal averages of XCO 2 were above 407 ppm for Northeast, East, and Central China in spring, but below 404 ppm for most regions of China in summer.…”

“…S10 in Supporting Information S1). The spatial distributions of LGB XCO 2 are generally consistent with those of previous studies based on the data retrieved by the GOSAT satellite (Bie et al, 2020;Lv et al, 2020). The relatively lower capacity of CO 2 assimilation associated with the cold and dry climate as well as the intensive anthropogenic activities could be the main causes of the relatively higher XCO 2 in North and East China (Xu et al, 2017).…”

Seasonal and Diurnal Variations in XCO2 Characteristics in China as Observed by OCO‐2/3 Satellites: Effects of Land Cover and Local Meteorology

“…Consistent patterns of seasonal variation in satellite‐derived XCO 2 observed by OCO‐2 and OCO‐3 over China are evident in Figures 3a and 3b, respectively, illustrating that XCO 2 concentration was higher in winter and spring, followed by autumn, and lowest in summer (Table S1 in Supporting Information ), and that it exhibited apparent spatial heterogeneity with a gradient of increase from the west toward the east in every season, consistent with the findings of previous studies based on GOSAT data (Bie et al., 2020; Lv et al., 2020), a weather–biosphere model (Dong et al., 2021), and machine learning models (C. He et al., 2022a; M. Zhang & Liu, 2023). Specifically, large‐scale high concentrations of XCO 2 over the Northern China Plain (NCP) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) during winter were measured by both OCO satellites, whereas OCO‐3 additionally captured high concentrations of XCO 2 in central China that were missing in the OCO‐2 data, and it also filled the gaps in OCO‐2 observations over Northeast China (NEC).…”

Spatial Distribution of Multi-Fractal Scaling Behaviours of Atmospheric XCO2 Concentration Time Series during 2010–2018 over China

“…As the direct sampling of greenhouse gas concentrations, especially in the upper atmosphere, requires considerable effort and massive costs [ 29 ], current ground-based measurement stations are sparse and uneven [ 29 ]. Spatio-temporal CO 2 concentration records are not plentiful.…”