Specific Immunotherapy of Colorectal Carcinoma with Newcastle‐Disease Virus‐Modified Autologous Tumor Cells Prepared from Resected Liver Metastasis

Newcastle Disease Virus at the Forefront of Cancer Immunotherapy

“…The immunogenic properties of NDV were recognized early, and a number of studies have explored the virus for immunization of patients with virus-modified cancer cell vaccines [88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. Many of the early studies were performed by William Cassel and colleagues utilizing autologous or allogeneic NDV oncolysates for vaccination of patients with resected high risk melanoma, demonstrating improvement in overall survival when compared to historical controls [88,89,93,101,107].…”

“…A similar strategy was developed by Volker Schirrmacher and colleagues, where whole-cell autologous irradiated tumor cells were modified by infection with attenuated NDV [108]. The investigators evaluated vaccination with NDV-modified tumor cells in adjuvant or advanced disease setting across a number of cancers, demonstrating evidence of antitumor immunity (measured by delayed type hypersensitivity) and improvement in survival in some studies [91,92,94,95,98,109]. A similar approach was used by Liang and colleagues in a phase III trial in colorectal cancer, comparing adjuvant immunization with NDV-modified autologous cancer cells to resection alone [103].…”

Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Cancer Therapy: Old Challenges and New Directions

“…Several clinical trials evaluated ATV-NDV for colorectal cancer, either in adjuvant (postoperative) setting or for treatment of unresectable disease [132,133,135,136,139,155]. Immune responses to the vaccine were monitored by skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing, and increased immune reactivity in 75% of patients was reported in one of the trials [155].…”