Specific IgM responses after rubella vaccination; potential application following inadvertent vaccination during pregnancy.

Banatvala, J. E.; Druce, A.; Best, Jennifer M.; Al‐Nakib, W.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6097.1263

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Results obtained on some 56 samples from cases of naturally acquired rubella and of infection induced by RA27/3 and Cendehill vaccines indicate that virus-specific IgM could be detected in 52 (92 9%) sera for periods of up to eight weeks after primary infection (Banatvala et al, 1977). This further emphasises the practicability of using such erythrocytes in the HAI test and extends its use to rubella virus-specific IgM detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Thus, virus-specific IgM was detected in 52 of 56 (92 9%) samples obtained from patients with naturally acquired rubella and from vaccinees who received either RA27/3 or Cendehill vaccine, for periods of up to eight weeks after infection. However, details of these samples and virus-specific IgM immune responses have already been reported (Banatvala et al, 1977).…”

Section: Detection Of Rubella Virus-specific Igm Using Trypsin-treatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus-specific IgM antibody using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the HAI test.

Al‐Nakib¹,

Lilley²

1978

J Clin Pathol

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SUMMARY The modification of the standard rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAl) test using trypsin-treated human group 0 erythrocytes instead of chick erythrocytes was evaluated. In a comparative study we found that, of 816 samples tested by both methods, the titres of 807 (98-9 %) sera were in close agreement within an acceptable twofold difference. Trypsin-treated human group 0 erythrocytes usually provided titres that were twofold higher than those obtained with chick erythrocytes. In general, a very good correlation between the two methods was obtained. Data are presented that emphasise the importance of trypsin treatment of human group 0 erythrocytes before use in the HAI method. Furthermore, we found that trypsin-treated human group 0 erythrocytes can be stored for periods of up to 30 days and used in the HAI test without any appreciable loss of sensitivity or specificity. Moreover, we replaced chick erythrocytes with trypsintreated human group 0 erythrocytes in the sucrose density gradient/HAl method used for the detection of rubella virus-specific IgM and found it to be a very satisfactory method. In view of these findings we recommend that trypsin-treated human group 0 erythrocytes should replace chick erythrocytes in the standard rubella HAl test since the former provided not only a more sensitive, more economic, and less time-consuming method but also a technique which is as specific as that using chick erythrocytes.The rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test using day-old chick erythrocytes is the most widely used technique for both diagnostic and epidemiological studies on rubella. However, in most developing countries, such as Kuwait, a continuous supply of day-old chick cells from a commercial source is not usually available, and the use of this technique for such purposes is therefore limited.Quirin et al. (1972) andIwakata et al. (1974) provided preliminary data, which suggested that day-old chick erythrocytes could effectively be replaced by trypsin-treated human group 0 erythrocytes in the HAI method without affecting the sensitivity or specificity of the test. This encouraged us to investigate this possibility further, and in this paper we report our results. Furthermore, we have extended our investigation to show that trypsin-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Detection Of Rubella Virus-specific Igm Using Trypsin-treatementioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus-specific IgM antibody using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the HAI test.

Al‐Nakib¹,

Lilley²

1978

J Clin Pathol

Self Cite

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show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This shows that a single low-positive IgM value with any IgM test must be interpreted with caution and should not necessarily be followed by termination of pregnancy. Low IgM antibody levels might be nonspecific or in individual cases due to persistent IgM antibodies following recent vaccination or asymptomatic reinfection following previous vaccination or, less likely, previous natural infection [Banatvala, 1977;Morgan-Capner et al, 1985;Morgan-Capner et al, 1985b1. From our experience, we advise continuation of pregnancy in cases where no clinical rubella history can be detected just before and in early pregnancy. In cases with a clinical history during early pregnancy, the prenatal diagnosis in the 22nd and 23rd week of pregnancy is attempted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of IgM antibodies against rubella virus: Comparison of two indirect ellsas and an anti‐IgM capture immunoassay

Enders¹,

Knotek²

1986

Journal of Medical Virology

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A commercial antibody capture enzyme immunoassay (Rubenz M) was compared to two commercial indirect enzyme immunoassays (Enzygnost IgM, Rubazyme-M) for the detection of rubella-specific IgM. Five hundred and fifty-two sera collected between the day of onset and 272 days after the onset of the exanthem of primary rubella were tested. Rubenz M was more sensitive early and late after the onset of the exanthem than the two indirect ELISAs. Rubenz M also appeared more sensitive when 240 sera were examined from patients with possible rubella in pregnancy, reinfection in pregnancy, suspected intrauterine infection, and recent vaccination. However, 5.5% of 968 pregnant women with no history of rubellalike symptoms or recent vaccination, the majority with elevated HAI titers, gave a low-positive or borderline result with Rubenz M. None of these women delivered a congenitally infected child. Therefore, borderline and low-positive results must be interpreted with caution, as for any assay for rubella-specific IgM.

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“…Most adult women who are vaccinated have been screened and shown to be susceptible to rubella. However, in cases where the woman has not been tested, it is often possible to determine her immune status retrospectively, by testing a serum sample taken within 8 weeks of immunization for rubella-specific IgM, which can usually be detected if there was no prior immunity [55,56].…”

Section: Risks Of Vaccination In Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella vaccines: past, present and future

Best

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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The association between rubella in pregnancy and congenital anomalies was first reported 50 years ago, by N. McAlister Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist [1]. During the next 20 years his findings were confirmed by others (reviewed in [2]). However, the first reports of the isolation of rubella virus in cell cultures and development of tests for neutralizing antibodies were not published until 1962 [3, 4]. Subsequent studies conducted in the UK and North America during a pandemic of rubella in 1963–4, were therefore able to make a more accurate estimate of the risks of maternal rubella at different stages of pregnancy. It was estimated that about 30000 rubella-damaged babies were born in the USA alone in 1963–4 [5]. This emphasized the importance of developing a vaccine to prevent infection in pregnancy and thereby, the birth of babies with rubella-induced congenital defects.

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Specific IgM responses after rubella vaccination; potential application following inadvertent vaccination during pregnancy.

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Detection of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus-specific IgM antibody using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the HAI test.

Detection of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus-specific IgM antibody using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the HAI test.

Detection of IgM antibodies against rubella virus: Comparison of two indirect ellsas and an anti‐IgM capture immunoassay

Rubella vaccines: past, present and future

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