Specific Dynamic Action in Premature Infants Kept at and Below the Neutral Temperature

Mestyán, J; Járai, I.; Kekete, M; Soltész, G

doi:10.1203/00006450-196901000-00006

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This finding fully supports those previously re ported in other neonates, including human infant [12,13,20], lamb [6] and piglet [8,9], Both the maximum rise and pattern of VO2 response were similar to those reported by Gentz et al [8], However, the length of time during which the rise persists has not pre viously been reported in piglets. In human infants, durations ranging from 2 to 4 h have been reported [13,20], Results of this study together with those of Gentz et al [8] suggest that in the piglet the duration of this rise is longer than the 60-min interfeed interval that occurs in natural suckling [18]. Consequent ly, the heat increment of the successive suck lings would partly overlap that resulting from the previous suckling.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Average birth weight of the piglets and effect of environmental temperature on VO2, HP. RQ and RT curing the 50-to 60-min prefeeding period (13 To determine the effect of environmental temperature on the heat increment of feed ing, the total heat produced at each tempera ture treatment was integrated over the peri ods of 60 and 100 min postfeeding. The differences between these values and the pre feeding heat production gave the postpran dial heat increment.…”

Section: Postprandial Energy Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Colostrum Intake on Metabolic Rate and Plasma Glucose in the Neonatal Pig in Relation to Environmental Temperature

Dividich¹,

Noblet²

1984

Neonatology

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The effects of feeding sow colostrum on oxygen consumption (VO₂), heat production (HP), respiratory quotient (RQ) and rectal temperature (RT) were examined in 26 newborn piglets in a thermoneutral (32 °C) and in a cold (18 °C) environment. Colostrum (32 g/kg body weight) was given by gavage at 3 h of age. A control group received a similar amount of saline. VO₂ HP, RQ and RT were measured for approximately 1 h prior to force-feeding and 2 h after feeding. The response of plasma glucose to ingestion of colostrum or saline was recorded in 18 additional piglets kept at 32 or 18 °C. The effects of feeding saline on all parameters studied were not significant (p > 0.10). Ingestion of colostrum was followed at both temperatures by a marked rise (p < 0.05) in VO₂ and RT. The responses of VO₂ were curvilinear (p < 0.05) with the maximum rise occurring in both treatments within 30 min after colostrum administration and amounting (% of prefeeding values) to 45 ± 7 and 16 ± 2% at 32 and 18 °C, respectively. The rises in VO₂ persisted for more than 1 h postfeeding. The heat increment associated with feeding colostrum was lower (p < 0.05) at 18 than at 32 °C. Nonsignificant transient increases in RQ were observed. Prefeeding plasma glucose was higher (p < 0.05) at 18 than at 32 °C. At both 32 and 18 °C, the response of plasma glucose to colostrum feeding was curvilinear (p < 0.05), with a similar maximum increment (1.6 ± 0.2 mM/l) occurring at 15–30 min postprandially. Results of this study suggest that the postprandial rise in HP contributes to the maintenance of body temperature of the neonatal pig. The increase in heat production associated with feeding and cold exposure would be mainly caused by an increased supply of carbohydrate to the heat-producing tissues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Postprandial Energy Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Colostrum Intake on Metabolic Rate and Plasma Glucose in the Neonatal Pig in Relation to Environmental Temperature

Dividich¹,

Noblet²

1984

Neonatology

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“…Therefore, the greater the number of meals per day, the smaller the expected postprandial response. Indeed our values obtained with eight mealslday are lower than those reported for a six meals/day study (17). The baseline energy expenditure of the "classic" method must be measured during a motionless premeal period.…”

Section: Energy Cost Of Activity a Number Of Authors Have Developedmentioning

confidence: 40%

“…Although several methods have been developed to score changes in spontaneous physical activity of infants (7, 9-16), it is not known to what extent these scores are related to the rate of energy expenditure. Because the thermogenic response itself can be influenced by several factors such as duration of measurement, feeding frequency, size and type of test meal, the published measurements give variable results (9,12,(17)(18)(19)(20). The aims of the present study was to measure the energy metabolism of premature babies of less than 34 gestational wk, to assess the magnitude of intradaily variations in energy expenditure and to partition the latter between muscular activity and thermogenic response to feeding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Balance, Physical Activity, and Thermogenic Effect of Feeding in Premature Infants

et al. 1986

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ABSTRACT. In order to assess the contribution of the thermogenic effect of feeding and muscular activity to total energy expenditure, nine premature infants were studied for 2 consecutive days during which time repeated measurements of energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry were performed throughout the day, combined with a visual activity score based on body movement. The infants were growing at 16.6 f 4.0 g/kg/day (mean f SD) and received 110 + 8 kcal/kg/day metabolizable energy (milk formula) and 522 + 40 mg N/kg/day. Their total energy expenditure was 68 f 4 kcal/kg/day indicating that 41 2 7 kcal/kg/day was retained for growth. Based on the combination of energy + N balances it was estimated that 80% of the weight gain was fat-free tissue and 20% was fat tissue. The rate of energy expenditure measured minute-by-minute was significantly and linearly correlated with the activity score in both the premeal ( r = 0.75; p < 0.001) and the postmeal periods ( r = 0.74; p < 0.001) with no difference in the regression slope, but with a significant difference in intercept. In preset feeding schedules the latter allowed an estimation of the thermogenic effect without the confounding effect of activity. This was found to be 3.1 + 1.8% when expressed as a percentage of metabolizable energy intake. However when the "classical" approach was used as a comparison (integretation of extra energy expenditure induced by the meal), the thermogenic effect was found to be greater, i.e. 9.5 + 3.8% of the meal's metabolizable energy, due to the superimposed effect of physical activity in the postprandial state. The study suggests that the intradaily variation in energy expenditure in premature infants nursed according to present day techniques is almost equally due to the thermogenic effect of feeding (3.2 kcal/kg/day), and to variations in muscular activity (3.6 kcal/kg/day) both representing a small fraction of the total energy expenditure in premature infants (i.e. 4.7 and 5.3%, respectively). This work was supported by a research grant from NestlC, Vevey Switzerland. 6ing and feeding, the study of energy metabolism in preterm infants has progressed at a rapid pace. However, measurements of energy expenditure in premature babies have been generally of short duration (5, 7-9), i.e. approximately 1-3 h. Therefore the extent to which these limited periods of measurement can be extrapolated to 24 h is still uncertain. When energy expenditure of preterm infants is continuously monitored over 24 h (6), the variability of measurements generally observed is mainly due to two factors: variations in physical activity (i.e. whole body movements, crying), and the thermogenic response to feeding. Although several methods have been developed to score changes in spontaneous physical activity of infants (7, 9-16), it is not known to what extent these scores are related to the rate of energy expenditure. Because the thermogenic response itself can be influenced by several factors such as duration of measurement, feeding frequency, size and typ...

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“…ZOO 250 m 34 ing maturity (17,18). Accounting for one third of the retained The majority of low birth weight infants in this country are fed, either partly or wholly, on one of the modem low-solute cow's milk preparations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Retention, Energy Expenditure, and Growth in Healthy Immature Infants

1979

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Summaryinfants developed transient late metabolic acidosis (14) during the course of the studies. This interfered with energy retention and studies were during On l5 weight gain (4), but since the infants remained active and apparimmature infants of mean birth weight 1581 g. Mean gross energy ently well, these results have been included, inasmuch as they intake was 757 kJ/kg (181 kcal) and 79 % of this was retained, so enabled us to examine energy balance during periods of poor that metabolizable energy was 602 kJ/kg (143 kcal). Mean resting weight gain. metabolic rate was 244 kJ/kg (58.1 kcal), and it increased with advancing maturity. Minimum resting metabolism averaged 199 FEEDING kJ/kg (47.5 kcal). Energy expended in activity increased with maturity, but amounted to less than 17 % of the total energy All the infants were fed on V Formula (Cow and Gate Baby turnover. Postprandial metabolism caused the mean VOz to rise Foods Ltd., Trowbridge, England). No studies were undertaken by 17 % in the hour after a feed, and during 24 hr resulted in until a daily feed intake of 180 ml/kg or more had been achieved, consumption of energy equivalent to about 10 % of the resting which was usually by the middle of the second week of life. Mean metabolism. Stored energy amounted to 230 kJ/kg (55 kcal) and feed intake during study periods was 227 ml/kg (range 198-262).was linearly related to weight gain (r = 0.92). Energy cost of The feeds were given 2-3 hourly depending on the size of the weight gain was 24 kJ/g (5.7 kcal) and energy stored in new tissue infants. was 16.8 kJ/g (4.0 kcal). Maintenance energy requirement at zero growth rate was about 270 kJ/kg (64 kcal). FEED COMPOSlTIONV Formula is a filled milk prepared from skimmed milk, lactose Speculation and vegetable oils, with the following composition (per 100 ml Data on energy balance in immature infants are scanty. There prepared feed): fat, 3.1 g; protein, 1.8 g; CHO (lactose), 7.0 g; is need for information on energy retention, maintenance energy mineral salts 0.4 g (Nay 26 mg; K 9 61 mg; Ca, 62 mg; PO43 50 mg) requirements, postprandial energy expenditure, and energy cost of energy 260 kJ (62 kcal). The gross energy, determined us growth. We have attempted to provide such information, but our bomb calorimetry (20) on 23 separate occasions was 344 kJ/100 data show wide variation between infants. However, in spite of this ml (SD 1% 32 more than the specified energy, the for variation, a relationship is present between energy retention which is derived from theoretical considerations as "metabolizable and weight gain, the main limiting factor in weight gain probably (32). being energy absorption from the gut. We need more data to show whether efticiency of energy utilization alters with different levels

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Specific Dynamic Action in Premature Infants Kept at and Below the Neutral Temperature

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Colostrum Intake on Metabolic Rate and Plasma Glucose in the Neonatal Pig in Relation to Environmental Temperature

Effect of Colostrum Intake on Metabolic Rate and Plasma Glucose in the Neonatal Pig in Relation to Environmental Temperature

Energy Balance, Physical Activity, and Thermogenic Effect of Feeding in Premature Infants

Energy Retention, Energy Expenditure, and Growth in Healthy Immature Infants

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