“…The antitermination activity of the tandem complex may therefore be multi‐factorial (Figure 8B), as certainly is the case for the composite rrn and λN antitermination complexes (Roberts et al , 2008; Sen et al , 2008). The recurrence of boxA ‐like sequences in Rho‐dependent terminators (Ciampi, 2006) and binding of Hfq‐RNAP mediator S1 protein (Sukhodolets and Garges, 2003) to boxA RNA (Mogridge and Greenblatt, 1998) further suggests a commonality of mechanisms. Interestingly, disruption of the tandem translation/transcription complex at the end of ORFs (or upon conditional perturbation; Roberts et al , 2008; Rabhi et al , 2010) may both activate transcription termination and recruitment of RNA degradation factors that frequently associate with Hfq (Butland et al , 2005; Brennan and Link, 2007; Hu et al , 2009), thereby linking the three major steps of RNA metabolism in the same regulatory mechanism (Figure 8C).…”