Specific affinity for phosphate uptake and specific alkaline phosphatase activity as diagnostic tools for detecting phosphorus-limited phytoplankton and bacteria

Tanaka, Tsuneo; Henriksen, Peter; Lignell, Risto; Olli, Kalle; Seppälä, Jukka; Tamminen, Timo; Thingstad, T. Frede

doi:10.1007/bf02781823

Cited by 55 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…In fact, responses of specific APA and specific affinity for PO 4 uptake, which are APA and PO 4 uptake rates (inverse of Tt), respectively, normalized to the summed P biomass of phytoplankton and bacteria, responded consistently to the pattern and magnitude of nutrient limitation evoked in the experiments carried out in eutrophic coastal zones of the Baltic Sea (Tanaka et al 2006). It meant that enzymatic hydrolysis and uptake of the phosphate liberated are metabolically coupled, or, the phosphatase was produced specially for the sake of compensation of P deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes

2009

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Extracellular phosphatase can be produced by phytoplankton to utilize organic phosphorus under phosphorus (P) deficiency. However, there is a controversy about its use as an indicator of P deficiency in natural phytoplankton community inferred by such an "inductionrepression" mechanism. Size-fractionation of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration, algal density, and composition were determined in six Chinese shallow lakes ranking in gradient of trophic status, where a positive relationship between SRP concentration and algal density was observed. Enzymelabeled fluorescence (ELF) method was used to localize phosphatase on cell membrane of algae. The so-called algal APA that associated with coarser particle (>3.0 µm) accounted for the largest part of total APA. Within a lake with lower SRP concentration, the "induction-repression" mechanism held true. Contrastingly, both algal and total APA were positively related to SRP concentration based on the data across all study lakes with statistical significance, which may be explained firstly by algal composition. The lakes with higher SRP concentration were dominated by diatoms and green algae, while they easily produced extracellular phosphatases as evidenced by ELFA labeling. In parallel, the lakes with lower SRP concentration were dominated by cyanobacteria, while it was never ELFApositive; secondly, ELFA-positive dots or structures suggested that, in lakes with higher trophic status, attached bacteria or heterotrophic microorganisms could substantially contribute to extracellular phosphatases for hydrolyzing organophosphoric compounds but probably utilizing the organic moiety as an organic carbon source. This process simultaneously produces inorganic P, leading to the cooccurrence of high phosphate concentration and APA. So, the contributor of APA are complex, which may produce extracellular phosphatase species-specific or not exclusively for P nutrient and consequently make it difficult to normalize APA with the exact biomass estimators. Therefore, it is not reasonable to use APA, normalized or not, as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in shallow lakes especially eutrophic ones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes

2009

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“…However, no significant time-effects caused by the different pCO 2 treatments were detected in specific phosphate affinity and specific APA between Days 10-24 or 25 (ANCOVA, P>0.05). Tanaka et al (2006) recently propose that a specific phosphate affinity >0.02 L nmol-P −1 h −1 and/or a specific APA >0.2 h −1 indicate P limitation, i.e. the growth rate of the existing organisms is reduced due to the reduced P availability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summary of temporal variations of inorganic nutrients and dominant phytoplankton groups and bacteria (Tanaka, et al, 2006). Similarly, the specific affinity for glucose uptake was calculated by normalizing glucose uptake rates (inverse of glucose turnover times) to the bacterial C-biomass.…”

Section: Dissolved and Particulate Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of AP activity (APA) can therefore be used as a convenient molecular indicator of P-deficiency (reviewed by Cembella, et al, 1984;Jansson, et al, 1988;Hoppe, 2003). A recent study suggests that the specific affinity for phosphate uptake and the specific APA are useful tools for examining phosphate availability in natural phytoplankton and bacterial communities in different P starved aquatic systems (Tanaka, et al, 2006). Similarly, the specific affinity for glucose is expected to be useful for examining the glucose availability for bacteria (e.g., Koch, 1971;Button, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Availability of phosphate for phytoplankton and bacteria and of glucose for bacteria at different <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> levels in a mesocosm study

et al. 2008

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Abstract. Availability of phosphate for phytoplankton and bacteria and of glucose for bacteria at different pCO 2 levels were studied in a mesocosm experiment (PeECE III). Using nutrient-depleted SW Norwegian fjord waters, three different levels of pCO 2 (350 µatm: 1×CO 2 ; 700 µatm: 2×CO 2 ; 1050 µatm: 3×CO 2 ) were set up, and nitrate and phosphate were added at the start of the experiment in order to induce a phytoplankton bloom. Despite similar responses of total particulate P concentration and phosphate turnover time at the three different pCO 2 levels, the size distribution of particulate P and 33 PO 4 uptake suggested that phosphate transferred to the >10 µm fraction was greater in the 3×CO 2 mesocosm during the first 6-10 days when phosphate concentration was high. During the period of phosphate depletion (after Day 12), specific phosphate affinity and specific alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) suggested a P-deficiency (i.e. suboptimal phosphate supply) rather than a P-limitation for the phytoplankton and bacterial community at the three different pCO 2 levels. Specific phosphate affinity and specific APA tended to be higher in the 3×CO 2 than in the 2×CO 2 and 1×CO 2 mesocosms during the phosphate depletion period, although no statistical differences were found. Glucose turnover time was correlated significantly and negatively with bacterial abundance and production but not with the bulk DOC concentration. This suggests that even though constituting a small fraction of the bulk DOC, glucose was an important component of labile DOC for bacteria. SpecificCorrespondence to: T. Tanaka (tsuneo.tanaka@univmed.fr) glucose affinity of bacteria behaved similarly at the three different pCO 2 levels with measured specific glucose affinities being consistently much lower than the theoretical maximum predicted from the diffusion-limited model. This suggests that bacterial growth was not severely limited by the glucose availability. Hence, it seems that the lower availability of inorganic nutrients after the phytoplankton bloom reduced the bacterial capacity to consume labile DOC in the upper mixed layer of the stratified mesocosms.

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“…These results suggest that the biologically available phosphate pool in Mediterranean surface waters can be reduced to a level so low that diffusive transport toward cells becomes the most limiting step for substrate uptake. Moreover, based on the dataset compiled from different marine waters, Tanaka et al (2006) has proposed that specific phosphate affinity can be a useful tool to examine the extent of phosphate availability for the bacterial and phytoplankton community in different P-starved marine systems. Similarly, specific glucose affinity has been used to examine the glucose availability for bacteria in laboratory studies (reviewed by Koch 1971) and also in a pCO 2 -manipulated mesocosm study (Tanaka et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the availability of phosphate and glucose for bacteria in P-limited mesocosms of NW Mediterranean surface waters

Tanaka

Thingstad²,

Gasol³

et al. 2009

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Availability of phosphate for phytoplankton and bacteria and of glucose for bacteria was studied in mesocosms using NW Mediterranean coastal water with added phosphate, glucose, or a combination of both. We observed an initial increase of bacterial production in all mesocosms, a continuous increase of particulate P only in the P-enriched mesocosms, and a greater accumulation of dissolved organic C in the glucose-enriched mesocosms compared to those enriched by both glucose and P. This suggests that the water used was initially P-starved with a certain pool of degradable organic C available for bacteria. Specific phosphate affinities indicated a P limitation for the bacterial community in all mesocosms. Specific glucose affinities were different between the mesocosms but much lower than the theoretical maximum predicted from the diffusion-limited model. This suggests that the glucose pool was not a strong controlling factor of bacterial growth. In the P-enriched mesocosms, it is indicated that the extent of P limitation shifted from highest to lowest, while the available pool of glucose steadily decreased during the experiment. The explanation suggested for these observations is that phosphate regeneration was enhanced in the plankton food web, by which bacterial carbon demand became higher than the degradable organic C produced in the P-enriched mesocosms.

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Specific affinity for phosphate uptake and specific alkaline phosphatase activity as diagnostic tools for detecting phosphorus-limited phytoplankton and bacteria

Cited by 55 publications

References 61 publications

Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes

Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes

Availability of phosphate for phytoplankton and bacteria and of glucose for bacteria at different <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> levels in a mesocosm study

Determining the availability of phosphate and glucose for bacteria in P-limited mesocosms of NW Mediterranean surface waters

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Specific affinity for phosphate uptake and specific alkaline phosphatase activity as diagnostic tools for detecting phosphorus-limited phytoplankton and bacteria

Cited by 55 publications

References 61 publications

Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes

Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes

Availability of phosphate for phytoplankton and bacteria and of glucose for bacteria at different &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels in a mesocosm study

Determining the availability of phosphate and glucose for bacteria in P-limited mesocosms of NW Mediterranean surface waters

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Availability of phosphate for phytoplankton and bacteria and of glucose for bacteria at different <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> levels in a mesocosm study