“…Study 3 also examined a potentially-important moderator, namely, whether the accuracy of peoples' beliefs depends on if the animal is culturally-defined as a source of food or as a companion (Bastian et al, 2012;Bratanova et al, 2011). Informed by our prior findings and work that documents beliefs about humans' supremacy over animals (Caviola et al, 2018;Dunayer, 2004;Herzog, 2010;Joy, 2010;Leach, Kitchin, et al, 2022;Singer, 1975Singer, , 2009, we again predicted that participants would show a tendency to underestimate the minds of pigs. In addition, work highlighting the tendency for people to anthropomorphize companion animals (Bartz et al, 2016;Waytz, Morewedge, et al, 2010) led us to predict that participants would overestimate dog minds, and that this overestimation would be greater than equivalent tendency for pigs.…”