Species sensitivity distributions for use in environmental protection, assessment, and management of aquatic ecosystems for 12 386 chemicals

Posthuma, Leo; Gils, Jos van; Mc, Zijp; Meent, Dik van de; Zwart, Dick de

doi:10.1002/etc.4373

Cited by 179 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For this reason EC x are always used in priority. If, for the same substance or the same species, one test reports an LC10 and the second test reports NOEC (or any other chronic endpoint), both endpoints were used to calculate a species geometric mean test value. This pooling of endpoints is consistent with the approach proposed by Posthuma et al ().…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

Using REACH for the EU Environmental Footprint: Building a Usable Ecotoxicity Database, Part I

Saouter

Biganzoli

Pant

et al. 2019

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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The European Union Environmental Footprint (EU‐EF) is a harmonized method to measure and communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products and organizations. Among 16 different impact categories included in the EU‐EF, 1 focuses on the impact of substances on freshwater ecosystems and requires the use of toxicity data. This paper evaluates the use of the aquatic toxicity data submitted to the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. It presents an automated computerized approach for selecting substance ecotoxicity values, building on a set of quality and reliability criteria to extract the most relevant data points for calculating the substance specific hazard values. A selected set of criteria led to the exclusion of approximately 82% of the original REACH ecotoxicological data available as of May 2015 due to incomplete initial encoding of the data by the REACH registrant, missing information such as duration of exposure, endpoint measured, species tested, and imprecise toxicity values (i.e., reported with greater than or less than signs). From an initial set of 305 068 ecotoxicity data records available in the REACH database, the final usable database contains 54 353 toxicity records (29 421 characterized as acute and 24 941 as chronic) covering 9 taxonomic groups, with algae, crustaceans, and fish representing 93% of the data. This data set is valuable for assessing the environmental toxicity of the substance contained whether through traditional substance risk assessment, product toxicity labeling, life cycle assessment (LCA) or environmental impact assessment approaches. However, the resulting loss of approximately 82% of the data suggests that changes in procedures used to generate, report, and document the data within REACH are needed to improve data utility for the various assessment approaches. The rules used to select the data to be used are the primary focus of this article. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:783–795. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

Using REACH for the EU Environmental Footprint: Building a Usable Ecotoxicity Database, Part I

Saouter

Biganzoli

Pant

et al. 2019

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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“…Note that Posthuma et al. () assigned SSD‐quality scores to SSDs for this reason, to support assessment design and interpretation, while proving SSDs for 12 386 compounds. It should be recognized, however, that this approach leads to a situation in which, for a significant number of chemicals, the final proposed hazard value to be used in LCA or EU‐EF studies carries a large uncertainty that could seriously impact the interpretation of the final product toxicity score.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…With the further expanded (combined) databases of Posthuma et al. (), the number of chemicals that can be evaluated expands to 12 386.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Options for Deriving Chemical Ecotoxicity Hazard Values for the European Union Environmental Footprint, Part II

Saouter

Wolff

Biganzoli

et al. 2019

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Using the European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) ecotoxicity data, this paper compares 3 different approaches to calculate final substance toxicity hazard values using the USEtox approach (chronic EC50 + acute EC50/2), using only acute EC50 equivalent data (EC50eq), and using only chronic no observed effect concentration equivalent (NOECeq) data. About 4008, 4853, and 5560 substance hazard values could be calculated for the USEtox model, acute only, and chronic only approaches, respectively. The USEtox model provides hazard values similar to the ones based on acute EC50 data only. Although there is a large amount of variability in the ratios, the data support acute EC50eq to chronic NOECeq ratios (calculated as geometric mean) of 10.64, 10.90, and 4.21 for fish, crustaceans, and algae respectively. Comparison of the calculated hazard values with the criteria used by the EU chemical Classification, Labelling, and Packaging regulation (CLP) shows the USEtox model underestimates the number of compounds categorized as very toxic to aquatic life and/or having long‐lasting effects. In contrast, use of the chronic NOEC data shows a good agreement with CLP. It is therefore proposed that chronic NOECeq are used to derive substance hazard values to be used in the EU Environmental Footprint. Due to poor data availability for some chemicals, the uncertainty of the final hazard values is expected to be high. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:796–807. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

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“…Our default extrapolation factor is 3.3 (with a species group 95% CI of 2–5.8). For extrapolating from acute EC50 to chronic NOEC, Länge et al (), Warne et al (), Posthuma et al (), and King et al () yield a factor between 8 and 10. Our proposed default factor is 5 (with a 95% CI for specific species groups of 0.8–13.1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrapolation Factors for Characterizing Freshwater Ecotoxicity Effects

Aurisano

Albizzati

Hauschild

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Various environmental and chemical assessment frameworks including ecological risk assessment and life cycle impact assessment aim at evaluating long‐term ecotoxicity effects. Chronic test data are reported under the European Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation for various chemicals. However, chronic data are missing for a large fraction of marketed chemicals, for which acute test results are often available. Utilizing acute data requires robust extrapolation factors across effect endpoints, exposure durations, and species groups. We propose a decision tree based on strict criteria for curating and selecting high‐quality aquatic ecotoxicity information available in REACH for organic chemicals, to derive a consistent set of generic and species group–specific extrapolation factors. Where ecotoxicity effect data are not available at all, we alternatively provide extrapolations from octanol–water partitioning coefficients as suitable predictor for chemicals with nonpolar narcosis as mode of action. Extrapolation factors range from 0.2 to 7 and are higher when simultaneously extrapolating across effect endpoints and exposure durations. Our results are consistent with previously reported values, while considering more endpoints, providing species group–specific factors, and characterizing uncertainty. Our proposed decision tree can be adapted to curate information from additional data sources as well as data for other environments, such as sediment ecotoxicity. Our approach and robust extrapolation factors help to increase the substance coverage for characterizing ecotoxicity effects across chemical and environmental assessment frameworks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2568–2582. © 2019 SETAC

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Species sensitivity distributions for use in environmental protection, assessment, and management of aquatic ecosystems for 12 386 chemicals

Cited by 179 publications

References 28 publications

Using REACH for the EU Environmental Footprint: Building a Usable Ecotoxicity Database, Part I

Using REACH for the EU Environmental Footprint: Building a Usable Ecotoxicity Database, Part I

Comparing Options for Deriving Chemical Ecotoxicity Hazard Values for the European Union Environmental Footprint, Part II

Extrapolation Factors for Characterizing Freshwater Ecotoxicity Effects

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