Species Selection and the Macroevolution of Coral Coloniality and Photosymbiosis

Simpson, Carl

doi:10.1111/evo.12083

Cited by 29 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…It includes differences in body size between descendant species and their ancestors that evolve at the time of speciation and differences in body size that evolve after speciation (termed 'cladogenetic' and 'anagenetic' change, respectively, by Simpson [10]). Immigrant species and ancestral species with no descendants do not contribute to this term.…”

Section: Materials and Methods (A) The Extended Price Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally, the Price equation was applied to evolving populations of individual organisms, but it also can be used to separate directional macroevolutionary change into components attributable to species selection and anagenetic change [8]. Recent reviews [1,3] have identified the Price equation as a promising tool for quantifying species selection, but attempts to apply it remain few [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The extended Price equation quantifies species selection on mammalian body size across the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum

et al. 2015

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Species selection, covariation of species' traits with their net diversification rates, is an important component of macroevolution. Most studies have relied on indirect evidence for its operation and have not quantified its strength relative to other macroevolutionary forces. We use an extension of the Price equation to quantify the mechanisms of body size macroevolution in mammals from the latest Palaeocene and earliest Eocene of the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins of Wyoming. Dwarfing of mammalian taxa across the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), an intense, brief warming event that occurred at approximately 56 Ma, has been suggested to reflect anagenetic change and the immigration of small bodied-mammals, but might also be attributable to species selection. Using previously reconstructed ancestordescendant relationships, we partitioned change in mean mammalian body size into three distinct mechanisms: species selection operating on resident mammals, anagenetic change within resident mammalian lineages and change due to immigrants. The remarkable decrease in mean body size across the warming event occurred through anagenetic change and immigration. Species selection also was strong across the PETM but, intriguingly, favoured larger-bodied species, implying some unknown mechanism(s) by which warming events affect macroevolution.

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Section: Materials and Methods (A) The Extended Price Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The extended Price equation quantifies species selection on mammalian body size across the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum

et al. 2015

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“…In marine ecosystems, there is ample evidence for abiotic drivers, such as major tectonic events [5], nutrient availability [6], and climate/sea-level-induced vicariant breakpoints [7]. The importance of biotic factors, though relatively much less studied, has also been emphasized in post-mass extinction faunal recoveries [8], in adaptive escalations [9,10], and in evolutionary radiations of symbiotic lineages [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commensal associations and benthic habitats shape macroevolution of the bivalve clade Galeommatoidea

Foighil

Strong

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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The great diversity of marine life has been shaped by the interplay between abiotic and biotic factors. Among different biotic interactions, symbiosis is an important yet less studied phenomenon. Here, we tested how symbiotic associations affected marine diversification, using the bivalve superfamily Galeommatoidea as a study system. This superfamily contains large numbers of obligate commensal as well as free-living species and is therefore amenable to comparative approaches. We constructed a global molecular phylogeny of Galeommatoidea and compared macroevolutionary patterns between freeliving and commensal lineages. Our analyses inferred that commensalism/sediment-dwelling is likely to be the ancestral condition of Galeommatoidea and that secondary invasions of hard-bottom habitats linked to the loss of commensalism. One major clade containing most of the free-living species exhibits a 2-4 times higher diversification rate than that of the commensals, likely driven by frequent niche partitioning in highly heterogeneous hard-bottom habitats. However, commensal clades show much higher within-clade morphological disparity, likely promoted by their intimate associations with diverse hosts. Our study highlights the importance of interactions between different ecological factors in shaping marine macroevolution and that biotic factors cannot be ignored if we wish to fully understand processes that generate marine biodiversity.

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“…To me, this philosophical hurdle is easily passed without delving into philosophical argument, but rather can be shown to be false by using only 78 paleobiological observations. Species selection has been empirically demonstrated in an increasing number of studies (e.g., Simpson and Harnik 2009;Goldberg et al 2010;Mayrose 80 et al 2011;Powell and MacGregor 2011;Rabosky and McCune 2010;Simpson , 2013. The irreducibility of speciation and extinction require us to reject a reductionist interpretation 82 of these results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We can 112 evaluate if species selection is real or not, as well as its relative frequency and importance in structuring macroevolutionary patterns, including patterns that I call non-trends, those patterns and microevolution interact. One example of a non-trend is the stable frequency of coloniality and photosymbiosis in scleractinian corals (Simpson 2013). In this case, species selection and microevolutionary trait change act in concert to constrain the relative frequency of colonial-118 ity and photosymbiosis over 200 million years.…”

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confidence: 99%

The case for species selection

Simpson

2016

Preprint

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The mere existence of speciation and extinction make macro-evolutionary processes possible. Speciation and extinction introduce discontinuities in the microevolutionary change within lineages by initiating, disrupting, and terminating the continuity of species lineages. Within a clade, speciation and extinction become potent means of macroevolution in and of themselves. This process, termed species selection, is a macroevolutionary analogue of natural selection, with species playing an analogous part akin to that played by organisms in microevolution. That said, it has proven difficult to think about levels of selection. The concept of species sorting was introduced to help our thinking on this issue by identifying two aspects inherent in hierarchical systems can confuse our attempts to understand them: uncertainty in the level that selection acts and uncertainty about if the pattern of selection is in fact caused at all. Thanks to insights from evolutionary transitions in individuality, we now know more about how to identify the level of selection and how to parse the causal structure in hierarchical evolutionary circumstances. We know that if the fitness of organisms causes the fitness of more inclusive species then they must covary. However, there is no evidence of such a covariance between fitnesses at these two levels. This covariance is just not observed; neither between cells and organisms nor between organisms and species. Rather, speciation and extinction rates appear to be completely divorced from organismal fitness. With this insight, the concept of species sorting shrinks so that it only covers the two processes of species selection and drift. I argue that we are better off focusing on understanding the processes of species selection and drift and that there is therefore no further need for the concept of species sorting.

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Species Selection and the Macroevolution of Coral Coloniality and Photosymbiosis

Cited by 29 publications

References 77 publications

The extended Price equation quantifies species selection on mammalian body size across the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum

The extended Price equation quantifies species selection on mammalian body size across the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum

Commensal associations and benthic habitats shape macroevolution of the bivalve clade Galeommatoidea

The case for species selection

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