Species richness patterns in Fijian bees are explained by constraints in physiological traits

Abstract

Determining the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that underpin patterns of species richness across elevational gradients is a key question in evolutionary ecology, and can help to understand species extinction risk under changing climates. In the tropical montane islands of Fiji, there are 28 species of endemic bee in the subgenus Lasioglossum (Homalictus), where species richness increases with elevation despite decreasing land surface (habitat) areas. We used a combination of spatially explicit phylogenetic diversity analyses and phylogenetic trait analyses to examine the factors shaping species distributions in these bees. We found that species at higher elevations had lower heat tolerance and desiccation resistance than those at lower elevations, consistent with these traits constraining species elevational ranges. We also found high species phylogenetic diversity within mountains, and high phylogenetic signal in species heat tolerance and minimum elevational ranges, consistent with these traits being evolutionarily conserved among mountain-top taxa following vicariant (allopatric) speciation. We found no evidence to suggest that interspecific competition is shaping species elevational ranges. In all, our findings indicate that phylogenetic conservatism in physiological traits related to climatic niche, such as heat tolerance, can explain why species richness is highest at mountain tops in this system, with species having tracked their climatic niches over time towards ever higher (cooler and wetter) elevations. Because high elevations in this archipelago are extremely limited (~2.3% of total land area), only miniscule elevational (islands in the sky) remain into which this diverse, but climate-restricted fauna, can retreat as climates warm.