Species richness and redundancy promote persistence of exploited mutualisms in yeast

Abstract

Mutualisms, or reciprocally beneficial interspecific interactions, constitute the foundation of many ecological communities and agricultural systems. Mutualisms come in different forms, from pairwise interactions to extremely diverse communities, and they are continually challenged with exploitation by nonmutualistic community members (exploiters). Thus, understanding how mutualisms persist remains an essential question in ecology. Theory suggests that high species richness and functional redundancy could promote mutualism persistence in complex mutualistic communities. Using a yeast system (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), we experimentally show that communities with the greatest mutualist richness and functional redundancy are nearly two times more likely to survive exploitation than are simple communities. Persistence increased because diverse communities were better able to mitigate the negative effects of competition with exploiters. Thus, large mutualistic networks may be inherently buffered from exploitation.

Coevolved mutualists experience fluctuating costs and benefits over time

“…Therefore, at the start of the mutualism as well as periodically after each transfer, little lysine is available (Vidal et al. 2020). In addition to this already low availability of lysine, Lys evo also initially evolved to produce less lysine, so the amount of available lysine was even lower than the ancestral state.…”

“…An important trait, for instance, would be starvation resistance, which was previously shown to be an competitive trait for strains that depend on lysine (Vidal et al. 2020). Thus, the evolution of the Ade mutualist is potentially restricted to changes that could sustain population growth in response to the low availability of lysine produced by the Lys mutualist.…”

Eine Gesundheit

“…4). gend Land haben, um immer mehr Menschen zu ernähren", 3 beschreiben Antonelli und seine Mitarbeiter die Situation [5]. Unter den vom Aussterben bedrohten Pflanzenarten sind übrigens auch 723 in der Medizin als Heilmittel eingesetzte Arten [5].…”

“…Bei Ausfall eines Trägers können daher andere einspringen und die Funktion ist noch immer gewährleistet. Das System hat durch Artenvielfalt also eine eingebaute Redundanz, die es unempfindlicher gegenüber Störun-gen von außen macht[3]. In heutigen Ökosystemen haben solche Störungen überall fast immer die gleiche Ursache: Eingriff und Ressourcenverbrauch 7 durch den Menschen.Zur besseren Überwachung (Monitoring und Kontrolle) des Artensterbens wurde 2012 -im Wesentlichen von den Gründern von "One Health" -die Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) mit Sitz (Sekretariat) in Bonn von 90 Staaten gegründet.…”

Competition dynamics in long‐term propagations of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain communities

“…For instance, while competition between microbes is extremely common, positive interactions such as cooperation between species have also been documented (Harcombe, 2010;Rodríguez-Verdugo & Ackermann, 2020;Vidal et al, 2020). Moreover, evolution is likely to occur on timescales relevant for ecological dynamics, and thus, a complete understanding of the maintenance of diversity also requires assimilation of data about the evolutionary forces at work (Celiker & Gore, 2014;Lankau, 2011;Lawrence et al, 2012).…”