Species diversity of Clostridia causing malignant edema in cattle

Abstract

In modern conditions of animal husbandry, when high-tech methods of breeding replace existing approaches to livestock maintenance, timely vaccination is almost the only reliable way to fight clostridiosis. Anaerobic infections are a serious problem for livestock breeding worldwide. The damage is caused by economic losses and animal deaths, as well as by the adverse conditions in the area, contaminated by spores of pathogens and losses from the introduction of quarantine measures and restrictions. Due to the wide spread of pathogens in the environment, the acute or super-acute course of the disease and the severity of damage to body tissues, treatment of animals is almost 100% ineffective compared to specific prevention. However, for the development of an effective immunobiological medication, it is necessary to justify its composition, therefore, it is important to constantly monitor the etiological structure of clostridiosis in cattle.

Bioactive Feed Additive for the Prevention of Clostridial Disease in High-Yielding Dairy Cattle

“…A vaccine helps the body's immune system identify and eradicate lifethreatening pathogens such as Clostridium. However, due to the widespread distribution of pathogens in the environment, the acute or hyperacute course of the disease, and the severity of tissue damage in the body, treatment of animals is almost 100% ineffective compared to specific prophylaxis [26]. Earlier research [26] had shown that clostridiosis in productive cattle mainly occurs in the form of malignant oedema, with the following prevalence: C. septicum-found in 34.5% of cases, C. perfringens type A-23.25%, C. perfringens type C-14.25%, C. perfringens type D-6.5%, C. oedematiens-2.5%, C. sordellii-6.5%.…”

“…However, due to the widespread distribution of pathogens in the environment, the acute or hyperacute course of the disease, and the severity of tissue damage in the body, treatment of animals is almost 100% ineffective compared to specific prophylaxis [26]. Earlier research [26] had shown that clostridiosis in productive cattle mainly occurs in the form of malignant oedema, with the following prevalence: C. septicum-found in 34.5% of cases, C. perfringens type A-23.25%, C. perfringens type C-14.25%, C. perfringens type D-6.5%, C. oedematiens-2.5%, C. sordellii-6.5%. According to [52] C. perfringens type A (56.66%), type D (26.66%) and type B (16.66%) were, respectively, the most common bacteria in gut samples from 30 cattle and calves with enterotoxemia.…”

“…Much work has been undertaken to eliminate and/or reduce the incidence of anaerobic infections in veterinary medicine. Even today, despite the availability of specific prophylactics, chemotherapeutic agents, and antibiotics against most infections, clostridia remains a serious problem and causes considerable economic damage [25,26].…”

Clostridial Bovine Infections: A Review Focusing on Diseases in Brazil

“…Furthermore, tissue injury promotes a decrease in redox potential, alkalinization of pH and decomposition of protein products. These factors contribute to the penetration, germination and intense proliferation of clostridia, with consequent production of toxins responsible for the pathological condition of the disease [1,8,[28][29][30].…”

“…The CctA toxin (Table 2) was recently identified as the main virulence factor of this microorganism, having the capacity to provide protection to animals vaccinated with its toxoid. However, it is considered necessary to carry out other studies to better characterize this and other proteins produced by C. chauvoei [1,8,[28][29][30].…”