Species and genotypes causing human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand

García–R, Juan C.; Pita, Anthony; Velathanthiri, Niluka; French, Nigel P.; Hayman, David T. S.

doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06729-w

Cited by 50 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The IIc-b and IIe subtypes detected in the current study were also considered to be anthroponotic [36]. The major zoonotic subtype families IIa and IId have cosmopolitan distributions, with more cases being reported in industrialised countries [9,11]. However, none of these zoonotic subtypes were detected in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

“…A possible cause of the discordance may be recombination events between species and subtypes at the gp60 locus [12,20,24]. The gp60 subtypes are known to be associated with host tropism [24], virulence [4], and geographical distribution [11,24], and thus provide useful information to understand the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. In this study, of the four species detected, C. hominis was the most dominant species (59.2%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. from patients with diarrhoea in Lusaka, Zambia

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium is a major etiological agent of diarrhoeal diseases among children and immune-compromised individuals in sub-Saharan African countries. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in stool samples from patients with diarrhoea who presented at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes from 71 microscopically confirmed cryptosporidiosis stool samples collected between 2017 and 2019 were determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by partial sequencing of the small subunit rRNA and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Additionally, data for the period between 2014 and 2019 were reviewed and analysed for cryptosporidiosis seasonal and age distribution. Cryptosporidium was more prevalent in the rainy season. The highest number of cases was reported among the 1–4 year age group. By sequence analysis of the 71 positive isolates, Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 42; 59.2%), C. parvum (n = 27; 38%), C. felis (n = 1; 1.4%), and C. meleagridis (n = 1; 1.4%) were identified. Four C. hominis subtype families (Ia, Ib, Id, and Ie) and three C. parvum subtype families (IIc, IIe, and IIs) were identified. The most frequent subtypes were IeA11G3T3 (n = 20; 28.2%), IIcA5G3 (n = 12; 16.9%), IIeA12G1 (n = 11; 15.5%) and IaA30R3 (n = 10; 14.1%). The observed species/subtypes of C. hominis and C. parvum indicated that the infection was mainly transmitted through the anthroponotic route. The identification of C. felis and C. meleagridis suggests that an atypical zoonotic transmission cycle also exists.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. from patients with diarrhoea in Lusaka, Zambia

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, subtypes IIdA19G1 and IIdA15G1 have also been detected in ruminants (sheep, goats, deer), alpacas, horses, rodents (mice, hamsters, squirrels), pigs, carnivores (dogs, gray wolves, raccoon dogs), and in wastewater around the world [3,19]. Meanwhile, previous reports have shown that subtypes IIdA15G1 and IIdA19G1 can also cause human infections [13,30]. Thus, despite the low positive rates of these two subtypes, the threat posed to public health cannot be neglected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Gansu, northwest China

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are common gastrointestinal parasites with a broad range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. To examine the infection status and assess the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in dairy cattle in Gansu, China, a total of 1414 fecal samples were collected from the rectum, with one sample collected from each individual animal. All the samples were tested using nested PCR based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis were 4.2% (n = 59) and 1.0% (n = 14), respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. andersoni (n = 42), C. parvum (n = 12), C. bovis (n = 5), and C. ryanae (n = 1). In further analyses of subtypes of C. parvum isolates based on the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, five were successfully subtyped as IIdA19G1 (n = 4) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1). All 14 G. duodenalis isolates were identified as assemblage E using the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. The relatively low positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis detected here and the predominance of non-human pathogenic species/assemblages of these parasites indicated their unique transmission dynamics in this area and the low level of threat posed to public health. However, continuous monitoring and further studies of these parasites should be conducted for the prevention and control of these pathogens.

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“…A multivariable analysis of risk factors for pre-weaned calves acquiring C. parvum infection and C. bovis infection has demonstrated an increased risk of C. parvum infection with greater herd size, with calves in herds of over 200 animals being at significantly greater risk of infection than calves in herds of below 100 animals (137). Furthermore, with high mortality of neonates and year-round, relatively low production rates, the neonatal density in African herds tends to remain low and constant; peaks in zoonotic transmission at the same time as seasonal lambing and calving are well recognized in some non-African countries (22,138). In addition, other relevant factors that significantly increased the risk of C. parvum infection in calves was mean monthly precipitation of 100-150 mm (compared with below 100 mm), being housed inside, and the use of hay bedding (137).…”

Section: Summary Of Why Zoonotic Transmission May Be Expected In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Infections in Africa—How Important Is Zoonotic Transmission? A Review of the Evidence

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, is the etiological agent of cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection characterized by profuse watery diarrhea. Over 30 species of Cryptosporidium are recognized, some host specific whereas others infect a broader host range. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the species most commonly associated with human infection; C. hominis is largely associated only with human infections, but C. parvum is also associated with infection in animals, especially young ruminants. In some regions, cryptosporidiosis is a serious veterinary problem, particularly for calves, and lambs. Many outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis have been associated with zoonotic transmission following contact with infected animals. In Africa, where cryptosporidiosis is a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, evidence suggests transmission is principally anthroponotic. Given the frequent close contact between humans and animals in Africa, the apparent predominance of human-to-human transmission is both interesting and puzzling. In this article, after a brief "text book" introduction to the parasite, we consider in separate sections the different aspects of relevance to Cryptosporidium transmission in African countries, describing different aspects of the various species and subtypes in human and animal infections, considering livestock management practices in different African countries, and looking for any characteristic "hot spots" where zoonotic transmission has apparently occurred. Studies where transmission networks have been investigated are particularly relevant. Finally, in a separate section, we try to gather these different strands of evidence together in order to assess the reasons behind the apparent predominance of anthroponotic transmission in Africa. Reviewing the available evidence provides an opportunity to rethink transmission pathways, not only in Africa but also elsewhere, and also to pose questions. Does the predominance of human-to-human transmission in Africa reflect a relative absence of zoonotic C. parvum in African livestock? Are Africans less susceptible to zoonotic Robertson et al. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Transmission in Africa Cryptosporidium infection, perhaps resulting from early immunostimulation by C. hominis or due to inherent genetic traits? Is the African environment-in all its variety-simply more detrimental to oocyst survival? Will the so-called hypertransmissible subtypes, currently relatively rare in Africa, be introduced from Europe or elsewhere, and, if so, will they fade out or establish and spread? Our intention with this manuscript is not only to summarize and consolidate diverse data, thereby providing an overview of data gaps, but also to provide food for thought regarding transmission of a parasite that continues to have a considerable impact on both human and animal health.

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Species and genotypes causing human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand

Cited by 50 publications

References 68 publications

Molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. from patients with diarrhoea in Lusaka, Zambia

Molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. from patients with diarrhoea in Lusaka, Zambia

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Gansu, northwest China

Cryptosporidium Infections in Africa—How Important Is Zoonotic Transmission? A Review of the Evidence

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