Speciation of Heavy Duty Diesel Exhaust Emissions under Steady State Operating Conditions

Gautam, Mridul; Gupta, Deepak; EI-Gazzar, Laila; Lyons, Donald W.; Popuri, Sriram

doi:10.4271/962159

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A glass fiber Teflon ® (Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) coated filter is the most commonly used filter media in engine and vehicle testing (Black and High, 1979;Benner et al, 1989;Bagley et al, 1993;Opris et al, 1993;Hsieh et al, 1993;Pataky el al.,1994;and Gupta, 1996). These filters have relatively high efficiency (greater than 99% for particles > 0.3 µm at 3.20 m/s), cause relatively low pressure drop, have good thermal stability, have low trace contamination level, and are relatively inert.…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important properties of the adsorbent material are heat resistance, particle size and size distribution, pore size and size distribution, surface area and chemical properties. Granularbed filters, consisting of polymeric adsorbent resins made of spherical granulates like XAD-2 (Bagley et al, 1993;Opris et al, 1993;Pataky el al., 1994;Gautam et al, 1994;Gupta, 1996), XAD-4 (Hsieh et al, 1993), Tenax (Bailey et al, 1992;Hammerle et al, 1995;Nine et al, 1995 ), and polyurethane foam (Benner et al,1989;Bagley et al, 1993;Lowenthal et al, 1994) are usually employed for collection of semi-volatile hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust. Solvent extraction and thermal desorption are the commonly used techniques for extraction of sample from adsorption resins.…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tedlar sample bags appeared to be the most popular media for collection of volatile phase hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust ( Black and High, 1979;Bailey et al, 1992;Newkirk et al, 1995;Gautam et al, 1994;Gupta, 1996).…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 20 most abundant species accounted for 85 % of the HHC mass. Gupta (1996) speciated heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust emissions using GC/FID for the analysis. He found that cyclohexene, because of high mass emission rates, had the highest ozone forming potential among all of the volatile compounds.…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Compounds As Constituents Of Diesel Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contribution of particulate matter bounded compound (C 9 -C 24 ) toward the total speciated emissions was negligible as compared to the contribution of volatile and semi-volatile phase. Gupta (1996) found that the reactivity of alkenes > aromatics> alkynes > cyclo-alkanes > branched alkanes > n-alkanes.…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Compounds As Constituents Of Diesel Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Bugarski¹

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A continued increase in the use of diesel engines in light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, and the uncertainties about the effects of their emissions on human health have focused attention on risk assessments of diesel engine exhaust. The characterization of diesel particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines and vehicles is the primary objective toward assessing potential health hazard with exposure to the diesel exhaust. The nature of particulate matter emissions from diesel engines is dependent on the engine type, engine conditions, fuel type, exhaust after-treatment process and other parameters. The results are also strongly dependent on the applied measurement technique. The effects of those parameters on the size-resolved DPM emissions were explored in detail. The study on sizeresolved chemical analysis of DPM from diesel engines and in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicles was performed with the goal of obtaining profiles of major DPM constituents. In addition, diesel exhaust was speciated with the purpose of establishing qualitative and quantitative hydrocarbon profiles of diesel exhaust from heavyduty diesel engine/vehicles, and calculating its ozone forming potential. The effects of engine/vehicle operating conditions, fuel type, different after-treatment processes, and measurement process on the size-resolved PM emissions were examined by operating the test engines and vehicles under steady-state and transient conditions. The regional deposition of DPM in the human respiratory tract was assessed, for several cases, by applying a semi-empirical model developed by Köbritch et al. (1994) to the PM size distribution and concentration profiles that were generated in this study. The results of this analysis showed that lower PM mass emissions do not necessarily correspond to lower number count emissions and a reduced health hazard. In fact, the fractional deposition efficiency of DPM, on a count basis was higher in the case of using "cleaner" fuels than Federal diesel no. 2. The chemical analyses yielded distribution profiles of the major DPM constituents that were detected in the exhaust for selected steady-state and transient conditions. The sulfate, chloride, ammonium, potassium, sulfur and silicon distribution profiles were determined for range of engine operating conditions. Carbon analysis showed that organic carbon was the major constituent of the particulate matter collected on the MOUDI after-filters (cut-off diameter less that 56 nm) regardless of the engine operating conditions. Elemental carbon was the dominant constituent of the DPM collected on the stages VII through X, accounting for nearly 86.5 % of total carbon detected. The analyses indicate that sulfate and organic carbon were the major constituents of nanoparticles. The samples for study on hydrocarbon speciation were collected using custom designed sampling system. The system was used to collect particle bound HC on a pre-washed 70 mm Teflon coated glass fiber filters, semi-volatile HC on a PUF/XAD-...

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Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydrocarbon Compounds As Constituents Of Diesel Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydrocarbon Compounds As Constituents Of Diesel Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Bugarski¹

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Sources of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Low-Temperature Premixed Compression Ignition Combustion from a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Han

Assanis

Bohac

2009

Combustion Science and Technology

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Method and Detailed Analysis of Individual Hydrocarbon Species From Diesel Combustion Modes and Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

Han

Assanis

Jacobs

et al. 2008

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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An undiluted exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) speciation method, using flame ionization detector gas chromatographs, is developed to investigate HC species from conventional and low-temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) combustion pre- and postdiesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) exhaust. This paper expands on previously reported work by describing in detail the method and effectiveness of undiluted diesel exhaust speciation and providing a more detailed analysis of individual HC species for conventional and PCI diesel combustion processes. The details provided regarding the effectiveness of the undiluted diesel exhaust speciation method include the use of a fuel response factor for HC species quantification and demonstration of its linearity, detection limit, accuracy, and precision. The listing of individual HC species provides not only the information needed to design surrogate exhaust mixtures used in reactor tests and modeling studies but also sheds light on PCI combustion and DOC characteristics. Significantly increased engine-out concentrations of acetylene, benzene, and toluene support the theory that net soot reduction associated with PCI combustion occurs due to the reduction of soot formation (as opposed to increased soot oxidation). DOC oxidation behavior differs depending on the combustion characteristics, which change exhaust species and temperature.

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Speciation of Heavy Duty Diesel Exhaust Emissions under Steady State Operating Conditions

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Sources of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Low-Temperature Premixed Compression Ignition Combustion from a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Method and Detailed Analysis of Individual Hydrocarbon Species From Diesel Combustion Modes and Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

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