Speciation and Quantitation of Hydrocarbons in Gasoline Engine Exhaust

Olson, Keith L.; Sinkevitch, Robert M.; Sloane, Thompson M.

doi:10.1093/chromsci/30.12.500

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Exhaust gas has been speciated by using gas chromatography (GC) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], high performance liquid chromatography [9], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) [10,11], and photoacoustic spectroscopy [12]. FTIR and photoacoustic spectroscopy can identify specific species in the exhaust gas, such as ammonia and ethanol, but the number of species that can be identified at any one time is limited.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciated Engine-Out Organic Gas Emissions from a PFI-SI Engine Operating on Ethanol/Gasoline Mixtures

Kar

Cheng

2009

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Engine-out HC emissions from a PFI spark ignition engine were measured using a gas chromatograph and a flame ionization detector (FID). Two port fuel injectors were used respectively for ethanol and gasoline so that the delivered fuel was comprised of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% (by volume) of ethanol. Tests were run at 1.5, 3.8 and 7.5 bar NIMEP and two speeds (1500 and 2500 rpm).The main species identified with pure gasoline were partial reaction products (e.g. methane and ethyne) and aromatics, whereas with ethanol/gasoline mixtures, substantial amounts of ethanol and acetaldehyde were detected. Indeed, using pure ethanol, 74% of total HC moles were oxygenates. In addition, the amount (as mole fraction of total HC moles) of exhaust aromatics decreased linearly with increasing ethanol in the fuel, while oxygenate species correspondingly increased. These results suggest that ethanol and aromatics detected were from unburned fuel trapped in crevices. It was also found that the oxygenate fraction of total hydrocarbons (as ppmC1) depended mostly on the ethanol fuel content, not on engine speed and load. Therefore, a simple FID response correction equation was developed and validated. A FID reading can now be corrected to 90% accuracy when a PFI-SI engine is fuelled with gasohols.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciated Engine-Out Organic Gas Emissions from a PFI-SI Engine Operating on Ethanol/Gasoline Mixtures

Kar

Cheng

2009

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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“…Because of the potential hazards associated with the alkylbenzenes, it is important to accurately determine the atmospheric mixing ratios of these gases and to identify their main sources. Although a large number of studies have investigated these issues, only a few of the laboratories making the measurements were able to resolve the three xylenes and ethylbenzene (Wathne, 1983;Zweidinger et al, 1988;Olson et al, 1992;Tsujino and Kuwata, 1993;RappengluK ck et al, 1998). However, each of the above-mentioned study investigated one particular site at a time, and the number of samples was limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: a focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene

Monod

Sive

Avino

et al. 2001

Atmospheric Environment

259

144

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Speciation of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene and ethylbenzene was performed by gas chromatography from ambient air and liquid fuel samples collected at various locations in 19 cities in Europe, Asia and South America. The xylene's mixing ratios were compared to each other from the various locations, which included urban air, tra$c air and liquid fuel. For all samples, the xylenes exhibited robust correlations, and the slopes remained constant. The m-xylene/p-xylene ratio was found to be 2.33$0.30, and the m-xylene/o-xylene ratio was found to be 1.84$0.25. These ratios remain persistent even in biomass combustion experiments (in South America and South Africa). Comparing the xylenes to toluene and benzene indicate that combustion, but not fuel evaporation, is the major common source of the xylenes in areas dominated by automotive emissions. Although a wide range of combustion types and combustion e$ciencies were encountered throughout all the locations investigated, xylenes and ethylbenzene ratios remained persistent. We discuss the implications of the constancies in the xylenes and ethylbenzene ratios on atmospheric chemistry.

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“…Alkanes, including cycloalkanes, are important constituents of gasoline fuels, vehicle exhaust emissions, and ambient air in urban areas. − In the troposphere, alkanes and cycloalkanes react with the hydroxyl (OH) radical, − with the formation of alkoxy (RO • ) radicals as intermediates in the degradation reaction sequences . For example, in the presence of NO the reactions leading to the formation of alkoxy radicals are 9 Subsequent reactions of the alkoxy radicals determine the products formed from the tropospheric degradations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, , and these involve reaction with O 2 , unimolecular decomposition, and isomerization, , as shown in Schemes −3, respectively, for the cyclohexoxy radical formed from cyclohexane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Products of the Gas-Phase Reaction of OH Radicals with Cyclohexane: Reactions of the Cyclohexoxy Radical

et al. 1997

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Products of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with cyclohexane and cyclohexane-d 12 in the presence of NO have been investigated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and in situ direct air-sampling atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS). Cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl nitrate (and their deuterated analogues) were identified and quantified, with formation yields of cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl nitrate from the cyclohexane reaction of 0.321 ( 0.035 and 0.165 ( 0.021, respectively, and with cyclohexanone-d 10 and cyclohexyl nitrated 11 formation yields from the cyclohexane-d 12 reaction of 0.156 ( 0.017 and 0.210 ( 0.025, respectively. The remaining products must arise from the decomposition and/or isomerization reactions of the intermediate cyclohexoxy radical. API-MS analyses of the cyclohexane and cyclohexane-d 12 reactions showed the formation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl nitrate (and their deuterated analogues), together with ion peaks attributed to HC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ONO 2 (formed from NO addition to the HC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OO • radical formed after decomposition of the cyclohexoxy radical) and HC(O)CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CHO (formed after isomerization of the HC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O • radical). No evidence for isomerization of the cyclohexoxy radical was obtained from the API-MS analyses. The reactions of the cyclohexoxy radical are discussed and the data extended to the reactions of the cyclopentoxy and cycloheptoxy radicals formed from cyclopentane and cycloheptane.

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Speciation and Quantitation of Hydrocarbons in Gasoline Engine Exhaust

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Speciated Engine-Out Organic Gas Emissions from a PFI-SI Engine Operating on Ethanol/Gasoline Mixtures

Speciated Engine-Out Organic Gas Emissions from a PFI-SI Engine Operating on Ethanol/Gasoline Mixtures

Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: a focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene

Products of the Gas-Phase Reaction of OH Radicals with Cyclohexane: Reactions of the Cyclohexoxy Radical

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