Specialized ecological interactions and plant species rarity: The role of pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi across multiple spatial scales

The reproductive success of orchids is traditionally estimated by determining the fruit-set of individuals. Here, we investigated both the fruit and the seed production of three orchid species and the factors that may affect individual fruit-set, like pollination strategy, individual traits or the annual amount of precipitation. The species [Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó, Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes and Platanthera bifolia (L.) L. C. M. Richard] were studied in three consecutive years (2010)(2011)(2012) in the Bükk Mountains, Hungary. All three species were proved to be non-autogamous by a bagging experiment. Data analyses showed significant differences between seed numbers but not between fruit-sets of species. There was no statistical difference in individual reproductive success between wet and dry years, however, the effect of the annual amount of precipitation is significant on the population level. Comparison of published fruit-set data revealed accordance with our results in P. bifolia, but not in D. sambucina and D. majalis. We assume that the surprisingly high fruit-set values of the two Dactylorhiza species may be due to the fact that the pollination crisis reported from Western European countries is not an actual problem in the Bükk Mountains, Hungary.

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“…[32]. Correlation between the number of flowers and the number of fruits was found to be positively significant in all species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Lapeirousia oreogena - [18], Drakaea spp. - [32]). Pollinators spend longer time periods and visit a higher number of flowers in larger populations (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting reproductive success in three entomophilous orchid species in Hungary

Vojtkó¹,

Sonkoly²,

Lukács³

et al. 2015

Acta Biologica Hungarica

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“…Within Platanthera, Disa, Corycium and Drakaea, closely related species often diverge in pollinators or the placement of pollinia on the same pollinator, suggesting that adaptive radiation in pollinators or pollinia position may be an important driver of diversification among closely related orchids [6][7][8]46]. By contrast, the evidence for narrow specialization of closely related orchids on different rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Proc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification

et al. 2015

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Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. A supermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras), and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp 21 My 21) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.

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“…(Phillips et al 2014). For the analysis, we consider that forests of more than 10 ha and physiognomically well structured, harbour the orchid mycorrhiza necessary for the development of seedlings.…”

Section: Severity Index Of Tropical Dry Forest Orchids Ioshpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c) Mycorrhizae Molecular studies of orchid-fungal associations, which indicate geographic range of mycorrhizal fungi are much larger than the range of the orchids themselves (Phillips et al 2014). Therefore we consider that forests of more than 10 ha and physiognomically well structured, harbor the mycorrhiza necessary for the development of seedlings.…”

Section: Biotic Conditios Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orchids distribution and bioclimatic niches as a strategy to climate change in areas of tropical dry forest in Colombia

Reina-Rodriguez

Mejía²,

Llanos³

et al. 2017

Lankesteriana

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AbstrACt. Climate change projections in Colombia predict an average increase in temperature of 2.6°C and in precipitation of 20% by the end of the century. These changes would directly affect the tropical dry forest (TDF) and its biodiversity. Epiphytic orchids, more exposed to the atmosphere than the terrestrial biota, remain dependent on climatic variables, making them particularly susceptible to climate change. We studied the spatial and temporal changes of a focal group of 12 orchid species typical of the TDF in Colombia, and the future conservation areas to this ecosystem. The algorithm used by MaxEnt was employed for modelling. A total of 439 records: direct observations (276); herbaria collections (159) Other variables analysed, such as distance thresholds of pollinators (Euglossini), availability of phorophytes, and distances to TDF cover and protected areas, all suggest an improving connectivity between the lowland and mid-mountain areas. Consequently, bioclimatic niches (BN) are proposed as a new landscape management unit. Throughout the country, 69 of these BN were located as an adaptation-conservation strategy against climate change in the TDF in Colombia.resumen. Las proyecciones del cambio climático en Colombia, indican en promedio un incremento en 2.6°C de temperatura y 20% de la precipitación para el fin del siglo. Estos cambios afectarán directamente al bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) y su biodiversidad. Las orquídeas epífitas, más expuestas a la atmósfera que la biota terrestre mantienen dependencia de variables ligadas al clima. Esta condición las hace particularmente susceptibles al cambio climático. Nosotros estudiamos los cambios espacio-temporales de un grupo focal de 12 especies de orquídeas típicas del Bs-T en Colombia y las futuras áreas de conservación de este ecosistema. El algoritmo usado por MaxEnt fue empleado para el modelamiento. Un total de 439 registros: observaciones directas (276); registros de herbario (159) y fuentes bibliográficas (4), colectadas desde septiembre de 2009 hasta abril 2015 fueron consideradas para entrenar el modelo. El nicho potencial actual fue comparado con el escenario de emisiones de cambio climático SRES 8.5 para dos periodos: 2020-2049 (2030) y 2040-2069 (2050). Los resultados indican un desplazamiento altitudinal respecto al presente, condicionado por variables como: temperatura, accesibilidad, y precipitación. Las áreas de montaña media (1300-1700 m) incrementarán su idoneidad en los modelos de nicho potencial futuro (2030 y 2050) en detrimento de las tierras bajas (0-1000 m). Otras variables analizadas como umbrales de distancia en polinizadores (Euglossini), disponibilidad de forófitos, distancias a coberturas de Bs-T y áreas protegidas, sugieren mejorar la conectividad entre tierras bajas y áreas de montaña media. En consecuencia, los nichos bioclimáticos (BN) son propuestos como nueva unidad 18 LANKESTERIANA de manejo del paisaje. En todo el país, 69 de ellos fueron localizados como estrategia de adaptación-conservación frente al cambio climático ...

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Specialized ecological interactions and plant species rarity: The role of pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi across multiple spatial scales

Cited by 66 publications

References 66 publications

Factors affecting reproductive success in three entomophilous orchid species in Hungary

Factors affecting reproductive success in three entomophilous orchid species in Hungary

Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification

Orchids distribution and bioclimatic niches as a strategy to climate change in areas of tropical dry forest in Colombia

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