SPECIAL SECTION: Medication Instruction Design: Younger and Older Adult Schemas for Taking Medication

Morrow, Daniel G.; Leirer, Von O.; Andrassy, Jill M.; Tanke, Elizabeth Decker; Stine‐Morrow, Elizabeth A. L.

doi:10.1518/001872096778827305

Cited by 65 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Morrow, Leirer, Andrassy, Decker, and Stine-Morrow (20) found the orderings by older adults and undergraduates concurred with those found in their first study (19) suggesting that people share similar schemas for prescription label components. According to Morrow et al (20), label ordering that is compatible with people's schema facilitates information acquisition.…”

Section: Label Component Prioritizationmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Morrow et al (19.20) suggest that these orderings reflect people's mental models of how to take medications, and proper use of relevant label information is likely to be facilitated when the design of drug labels accommodates consumer's preexisting cognitions (20). The Non-Prescription Drug Manufacturer Association (NDMA) recently recommended a standard label format for OTC medications to the FDA (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Preferred Order of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Pharmaceutical Label Components

Vigilante

Wogalter

1997

Drug Information J

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Recently there has been increasing interest in enabling consumers to more easily acquire information from over-the-counter (OTC) nonprescription pharmaceutical labels. Standardization of label formatting is being considered by industry, government, and healthrelated professional organizations as a way to facilitate their usability. Standardization can assist consumers in quickly locating information relevant to the safe use of medications. The present research sought to determine whether consumers prefer a certain consistent ordering of OTC drug label component headings. If such consistency is found the results could serve as a partial basis for a standardized format. Results showed relatively consistent orders across four drugs, three participant groups (adults attending aflea market, olrler adults, and undergraduates) and four scenarios in which the drugs may be used (scenarios concerning the purchase, consumption, administration to another person, and taking into consideration all possible situations the drug may be used in). A direrent ordering was found for emergency situations involving the drug. In general, people prefer labels that first provide what the drug is used for (indications), second provide information on associated hazards (warnings, cautions, drug interaction precautions) and use (directions), and third provide information on active ingredients. For emergency situations, howevel; people prefer having the associated hazards and directions listed first, followed by the indications and active ingredients. The remaining components were ordered (across all scenarios) as follows: safety seal, inactive ingredients, storage instructions, manufacturer information, and the bar code. It is suggested that implementation of label standardization should have sections located to match people's expectations or schemas.

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Section: Label Component Prioritizationmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Preferred Order of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Pharmaceutical Label Components

Vigilante

Wogalter

1997

Drug Information J

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“…With increasing experience, older adults may develop a medication-taking schema that guides expectations about the information that should be provided by instructions. According to this schema, general information such as purpose should be followed by information about how to take the medication (e.g., dose and schedule), and then possible outcomes of taking the medication such as side effects (Morrow, Leirer, Andrassy, Tanke, & Stine-Morrow, 1996). We organized the instructions to match this schema because the order of information followed the schematic order.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Medication Knowledge Among Older Adults With Heart Failure: A Patient-Centered Approach to Instruction Design

Morrow¹,

Weiner²,

Young³

et al. 2005

The Gerontologist

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Purpose: We investigated whether patient-centered instructions for chronic heart failure medications increase comprehension and memory for medication information in older adults diagnosed with chronic heart failure. Design and Methods: Patient-centered instructions for familiar and unfamiliar medications were compared with instructions for the same medications from a chain pharmacy (standard pharmacy instructions). Thirty-two adults (age, M ¼ 63.8) read and answered questions about each instruction, recalled medication information (free recall), and then answered questions from memory (cued recall). Results: Patient-centered instructions were better recalled and understood more quickly than the standard instructions. Instructions for the familiar medications also were better recalled. Patient-centered instructions were understood more accurately for the unfamiliar medications, but standard instructions were understood more accurately for the familiar medications. However, the recall measures showed that the advantage of the standard format for familiar medications was short lived. Implications: The findings suggest that the patientcentered format may improve printed medication instructions available in many pharmacies, which should help older adults to better understand how to take their medications.

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“…Studies investigating the effects of humanfactored instructions report that they are preferred (Klein & Meininger, 2004;Morrow et al, 1988;Morrow, Leirer, & Altieri, 1995), more understandable (Eustace, Johnson, & Gault, 1982;Morrell, Park, & Poon, 1989), and easier to memorize (Morrow et al, 1991(Morrow et al, , 1996, compared to a standard. Researchers have also suggested that apart from financial, educational, and psychosocial measures, applying human factors may play a role in increasing patient adherence (e.g., Boyle & Chambers, 2000;McDonald, Garg, & Haynes, 2002;Morrow et al, 2004;Murray et al, 2004;Park & Jones, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients categorize medication information into general identifying information (name, purpose), directions for use (dose, timing, warnings), and possible outcomes and side effects (see Morrow, Carver, Leirer, & Tanke, 2000;Morrow, Leirer, Altieri, & Tanke, 1991). Organizing information accordingly improves recall (Morrow, Leirer, Andrassy, Decker-Tanke, & Stine-Morrow, 1996). Presen-tation factors such as font, type size, contrast, and capitalization help organize information (Hartley, 1994a(Hartley, , 1994b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%