Special Issue on “Analytical Methods for Oxidized Biomolecules and Antioxidants” The use of isoprostanoids as biomarkers of oxidative damage, and their role in human dietary intervention studies

Abstract

Isoprostanoids are a group of non-enzymatic oxidized lipids from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are commonly used as biomarkers for oxidative damage, to assess in vivo lipid peroxidation in diseases related to the vascular system and neurodegeneration. Currently, there is a mismatch with the outcome in the use of these biomarkers in intervention studies, particularly when testing the effect of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, or zinc, or a cocktail of these, with other food components. Much of this is because the biomarkers, the method of measurement, and the duration of supplementation are unsuitable. In this review, we will highlight the formation of isoprostanoids from their respective fatty acids, and their application as biomarkers for oxidative damage in vivo, considering human dietary intervention studies evaluating plasma and urine, using mass spectrometry techniques.

Classifying oxidative stress by F2-Isoprostane levels in human disease: The re-imagining of a biomarker

“…Reviews of the literature by Halliwell, Galano, and others suggest several factors that need to be considered when designing clinical trials in which F 2 -IsoPs are to be quantified [12], [13], [14], [15]. For example, it is imperative to recognize that F 2 -IsoPs are initially formed esterified in cellular phospholipids and are then enzymatically hydrolyzed to the free acid form [12].…”

“…In addition to these issues surrounding F 2 -IsoP formation, these molecules are metabolized via β-oxidation, conjugation, and/or reduction to yield urinary products that are also potential biomarkers of oxidative injury [10]. Finally, PUFA other than arachidonic acid can be oxidized to yield F 2 -IsoP-like products that have promising biomarker potential, particularly in diseases of the central nervous system [13], [15]. Combined, these data demonstrate the use of F 2 -IsoPs and related metabolites as biomarkers of oxidative injury requires rigorous consideration of sample matrix and timing of sample collection as well as comprehensive evaluation of particularly molecular species to be measured.…”

Camelina sativa Oil, Fatty Fish, and Lean Fish Do Not Markedly Affect Urinary Prostanoids in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism

“…Nonetheless, it is hypothesized that under chronic oxidative stress or prolonged disease state, both urinary and plasma isoprostanes would be elevated (Halliwell and Lee, ). Isoprostanes and their metabolites are a large group of compounds originating from different fatty acids, and different compounds have been reported in different interventions (Galano et al, ). Due to mixed results, there is no agreement on preferable outcomes or samples that should be used in dietary interventions (Galano et al, ).…”

“…Olive oil rich in oleic acid has been reported to decrease F 2 ‐isoprostanes (Cicero et al, ) and replacing carbohydrate‐containing foods with lean red meat for 8 weeks decreased urinary, but not plasma F 2 ‐isoprostanes compared to the group who continued their habitual diet (Hodgson et al, ). Nevertheless, these controlled nutritional interventions measuring appropriate types of isoprostanes (Galano et al, ) with sensitive and accurate mass spectrometry (MS) methods are limited and drawing conclusions based on these results is further hampered by differences between the studies related to their length and subjects' characteristics (Galano et al, ).…”

Metabolomics profiling of the free and total oxidised lipids in urine by LC-MS/MS: application in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

“…The auto-oxidation pathway of oxidised lipids is interlinked with reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS), leading to the peroxidation of fatty acids in membrane-bound phospholipids and producing the isoprostanes (IsoPs) [1, 2] or nitro-fatty acids (NO 2 -FAs) [3]. The lipid peroxidation readout from IsoPs are considered the golden standard for measuring oxidative stress in biological systems [4, 5]. Interestingly, NO 2 -FAs potentiate diverse anti-inflammatory signalling actions regarded as beneficial within health and disease [3].…”