Special Issue: Mucorales and Mucormycosis

Dannaoui, Éric; Lackner, Michaela

doi:10.3390/jof6010006

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As the causal fungi are found everywhere, cultivation alone is not sufficient [38]. Culture as well as direct detection of the pathogen in body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, lung fluid, and urine are additional possible tests [75]. Complete blood levels are performed as part of the blood tests to look for neutropenia.…”

Section: Mucormycosis Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Related Mucormycosis: Diagnoses, Management Strategies and Outcomes

Janjua

Shaikh

Fareed

et al. 2021

JoF

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It has been nearly two years since the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected the world. Several innovations and discoveries related to COVID-19 are surfacing every day and new problems associated with the COVID-19 virus are also coming to light. A similar situation is with the emergence of deep invasive fungal infections associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent literature reported the cases of pulmonary and rhino-cerebral fungal infections appearing in patients previously infected by COVID-19. Histopathological analysis of these cases has shown that most of such infections are diagnosed as mucormycosis or aspergillosis. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis usually affects the maxillary sinus with involvement of maxillary teeth, orbits, and ethmoidal sinuses. Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for both COVID-19 as well as mucormycosis. At this point, there is scanty data on the subject and most of the published literature comprises of either case reports or case series with no long-term data available. The aim of this review paper is to present the characteristics of COVID-19 related mucormycosis and associated clinical features, outcome, diagnostic and management strategies. A prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment planning can surely benefit these patients.

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Section: Mucormycosis Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Related Mucormycosis: Diagnoses, Management Strategies and Outcomes

Janjua

Shaikh

Fareed

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Therefore, it should be noted that the epidemic emergence of post COVID-19 mucormycosis in India is most likely and the country must be prepared for that a priori. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this is a rare disease with less than 1% infection rate worldwide with 50% mortality [ 23 ]. However, the death rate in India is relatively high and could be above 90% if left untreated.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Taxa Responsible for Mucormycosis/“Black Fungus” among COVID-19 Patients in India

Divakar

2021

JoF

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Mucormycosis is caused by fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. The term “Black Fungus” has been widely applied to human pathogenic Mucorales in India. They mainly infect the sinuses and brain, lungs, stomach and intestines, and skin. While this has been considered a rare disease, thousands of cases have been reported during the second wave of COVID-19 in India, between the months of April and June 2021. Hitherto, more than 45,374 cases and over 4300 deaths have been reported among COVID-19 patients across India from April 2021 to July 21, 2021. Though the mortality rate is estimated to be 50%, it could be above 90% if left untreated. In India, Rhizopus arrhizus has been related to be the most common species to cause human mucormycosis, followed by Apophysomyces variabilis, Rhizopus microsporus, and R. homothallicus. Accurate sample identification of human pathogenic Mucorales species is challenging especially due to the frequent lack of diagnostic morphological features. Traditionally, the culture-based approach has been extensively used to isolate and characterize human pathogenic Mucorales. However, this may not be an appropriate approach to objectively isolate and characterize all species, as the germination and growth of fungal spores are highly dependent on culture media and environmental conditions. Therefore, a robust approach to the accurate and rapid identification of human pathogenic Mucorales species is a prerequisite. The metagenomic approach comprehensively sequences and analyzes all genetic material in a complex biological sample and, consequently, this could be an appropriate approach to objectively characterize human pathogenic Mucorales taxa without the need for in vitro culture. The precise identification of the species will not only be useful for the correct diagnosis of this disease, but also for the development of antifungal drugs specific for each species. Accurate and rapid species identification is desperately needed to save lives in the mucormycosis outbreak among COVID-19 patients in India and neighboring countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12] ROCM, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, disseminated, and uncommon are the manifestations of mucormycosis based on the location of involvement. [13] The most common type of mucormycosis seen in patients is ROCM followed by pulmonary and cutaneous. [14] Prophylactic measures in high-risk patients, early recognition, rapid diagnosis, prompt administration of antifungal treatment, and surgical therapy (if needed) are important strategies to improve the health of the patient with mucormycosis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An extensive review on antifungal approaches in the treatment of mucormycosis

Chaudhari,

Palkar,

Abha Mishra

et al. 2023

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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During the period of COVID‐19, the occurrences of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients have increased significantly. Mucormycosis (black fungus) is a rare and rapidly progressing fungal infection associated with high mortality and morbidity in India as well as globally. The causative agents for this infection are collectively called mucoromycetes which are the members of the order Mucorales. The diagnosis of the infection needs to be performed as soon as the occurrence of clinical symptoms which differs with types of Mucorales infection. Imaging techniques magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan, culture testing, and microscopy are the approaches for the diagnosis. After the diagnosis of the infection is confirmed, rapid action is needed for the treatment in the form of antifungal therapy or surgery depending upon the severity of the infection. Delaying in treatment declines the chances of survival. In antifungal therapy, there are two approaches first‐line therapy (monotherapy) and combination therapy. Amphotericin B (1) and isavuconazole (2) are the drugs of choice for first‐line therapy in the treatment of mucormycosis. Salvage therapy with posaconazole (3) and deferasirox (4) is another approach for patients who are not responsible for any other therapy. Adjunctive therapy is also used in the treatment of mucormycosis along with first‐line therapy, which involves hyperbaric oxygen and cytokine therapy. There are some drugs like VT‐1161 (5) and APX001A (6), Colistin, SCH 42427, and PC1244 that are under clinical trials. Despite all these approaches, none can be 100% successful in giving results. Therefore, new medications with favorable or little side effects are required for the treatment of mucormycosis.

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Special Issue: Mucorales and Mucormycosis

Abstract: Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection, occurring mainly in immunocompromised patients, but also in immunocompetent patients after traumatic injuries [...]

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Dental and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Related Mucormycosis: Diagnoses, Management Strategies and Outcomes

Dental and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Related Mucormycosis: Diagnoses, Management Strategies and Outcomes

Fungal Taxa Responsible for Mucormycosis/“Black Fungus” among COVID-19 Patients in India

An extensive review on antifungal approaches in the treatment of mucormycosis

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