Identifying and illustrating the fine structures of active sites play an important role for tuning selectivity,c onversion and stabilityo ft he catalysts. [1,2] With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology,m any novel approaches have been developed to tailor and control morphology,a rchitecture, and surface/interface structure of the complex solid catalysts at atomic level. All of the investigations need high-resolution characterization methods to detect the active site/phase of ac atalyst.Electron microscopy (EM) enables us to obtain significant details at atomica nd sub-electron-volt scales, ranging from the morphology,e lemental distribution,b ulk/surface/interface structure, chemical and crystallographic information, and valence state, to dynamic process (e.g.,t he sintering of nanoparticles in heating and the structure evolution simulated by electron beam), as shown in Figure 1. Traditionally,t oe xplore the structure-function relationship of ag iven catalyst, and to aid in the understanding of the mechanism, catalysts tructures were compared before and after ar eaction by analyzing the evolution of the active sites. Analysis could be achieved with av ariety of modes on routine TEMs (e.g.,high-resolution transmissionE M( HRTEM), scanning TEM (STEM) and electron diffraction( ED) or affiliated spectroscopyt echniques( e.g.,e nergy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy( EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)).Itshould be mentioned that TEM and STEM images are twodimensional (2D) projections derived from 3D objects. The interpretation of S/TEM images combining with image simulation and quantitative analysis are essential and give invaluable information about the structuralf eatures of complex nanocata- Figure 1. Electron microscopy as at oolbox for revealing the microstructure of the solid catalysts and exploring the structure-function relationship. The figure is composedo fc omponents from several references. [3] ChemCatChem 2015, 7,3598 -3600 2