Special features of thermal evaporation of rare-earth metals

Abstract

The process of thermal evaporation of rare-earth metals (Ce-Yb) with an incomplete 4f-shell is discussed in terms of electronic structure of their surface. Evaluation of the surface density of neutral intrinsic atoms determining the evaporation process is made. The fact of detachment of Sm atoms in the lowest excited 4f 5 5d6s 2 -state from the surface is experimentally demonstrated.

The Terminological Conundrum Regarding Information Weaponisation

“…The ancient famous Chinese military strategist and philosopher Sun Tzu showed that it was not a great skill "to win one hundred victories in one hundred battlesˮ, but "to subdue the enemy without fightingˮ (Oxford 2017, Tzu n.d.). More recently, the so-called Gerasimov doctrine (Gerasimov 2014, Military Review 2016 refers to a new type of war, going "way beyond the use of military hardware aloneˮ, in other words, "a shift towards the use of non-military means and non-traditional domains, such as youth groups, cyber-attacks, civil media and proxy forcesˮ (Selhorst 2016). In this context, information warfare is considered to be "the starting point of every action now called the new type of warfare, or hybrid war, in which broad use will be made of the mass mediaˮ (Chekinov andBogdanov 2015 apud Giles andSeaboyer 2019, 6).…”