Special electronically reconfigurable lossy/lossless integrator in application of functional generator

Design of Signal Generators Using Active Elements Developed in I3T25 CMOS Technology Single IC Package for Illuminance to Frequency Conversion

“…The complete determination of Equation (2) was shown in [14]. However, both specific solutions in Figure 2 have a significant nonstandard difference from the concept presented in [14].…”

“…The OTA and R2 create a very simple Schmitt trigger [1]. Note that many researchers refer to the interconnection of the CCCII and OTA as current conveyor Many concepts use standard commercially available AEs (e.g., operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) [5,6], current conveyors [10], operational amplifiers [14,25], variable gain amplifiers [14,16,17], or their easily accessible models, i.e., internal topologies). In numerous works, the active subparts of basic building structures [2,3] are understood as a single element [7][8][9][11][12][13]15,[18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…Our solutions bring more compact real circuitry of triangular and square wave generators preserving features of already known concepts, but significantly reduce the number of required active components (comparable to the rest of solutions, see Table 1) and area of the circuitry. Concepts presented in [5,6,14,16,17,24,25] use standard active elements that are commercially available (easily accessible for designers-significant advantage). However, there are some disadvantages, namely: High power consumption (information is not available in many papers), high area requirements, high number of passive elements for serial production of a final application.…”

“…From a practical point of view (number of real IC packages in measurements), our solution seems to be the simplest. Moreover, there is a limited number of electronically tunable generators employing integrator with the current conveyor [10,14,15,17,[24][25][26] in standard [10] or controllable form (gain [2], [3] adjusted in [14,15,17,25]. These circuits utilize linear operation of the current conveyor.…”

“…The complete determination of Equation (2) was shown in [14]. However, both specific solutions in Figure 2 have a significant nonstandard difference from the concept presented in [14]. Due to the large level of OTA's output current flowing through the resistor R 2 , the maximal voltage V sq reaches the saturation level slightly below the approximated ±1.5 V at the supply voltage of ±1.65 V. Therefore, when V Y > ±0.5 V (for CCCII; in fact, when V sq > ±0.5 V as obvious) then the maximal value of the current charging the C is given as: I Cmax = 10•I B (exactly valid for I B ≤ 120 µA).…”