Special Diagnostic Techniques in Equine Neurology (Radiography, Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Garrett, Katherine

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.001

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The sensitivity and specificity of CT-myelography and MRI are higher when compared to RX and myelography ( Lindgren et al, 2020 ; Rovel et al, 2021 ). However, CT scans of the cervical spine are generally not able to be performed with the neck in a flexed or extended position, hampering the identification of dynamic stenotic processes ( Garrett, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide array of different medical imaging techniques can be employed during the diagnostic work-up of the neurological patient. Although many of these medical imaging techniques have undergone enormous evolution in recent decades, the spinal canal of the horse can still be difficult to evaluate in detail because of either the occurrence of superposition of anatomical structures or simply the massive body volume of the horse hampering the achievement of high-quality images ( Garrett, 2022 ). Plain radiographs provide a static view of the spinal canal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, to further outline the spinal cord, contrast myelography can be performed in neutral, flexed, and extended neck positions ( Levine et al, 2007 , 2010 ; Scrivani et al, 2011 ; Hughes et al, 2014 ). Ultrasound can be useful in detecting osteochondrosis of cervical joints, but its diagnostic validity is subject to debate ( Garrett, 2022 ; Hoey et al, 2022 ). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide a view of the spinal canal in all directions ( Lindgren et al, 2020 ; Rovel et al, 2021 ) and greatly improve the clinical evaluation of CVCM in horses ( Janes et al, 2014 ; Sleutjens et al, 2014 ; Lindgren et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to assess neuronal functional integrity in horses

Journée,

Bergmann

et al. 2024

Front. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Medical imaging allows for the visualization of spinal cord compression sites; however, it is impossible to assess the impact of visible stenotic sites on neuronal functioning, which is crucial information to formulate a correct prognosis and install targeted therapy. It is hypothesized that with the transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) technique, neurological impairment can be reliably diagnosed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the ability of the TES technique to assess neuronal functional integrity in ataxic horses by recording TES-induced muscular evoked potentials (MEPs) in three different muscles and to structurally involve multiple ancillary diagnostic techniques, such as clinical neurological examination, plain radiography (RX) with ratio assessment, contrast myelography, and post-mortem gross and histopathological examination.MethodsNine ataxic horses, showing combined fore and hindlimb ataxia (grades 2–4), were involved, together with 12 healthy horses. TES-induced MEPs were recorded bilaterally at the level of the trapezius (TR), the extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and tibialis cranialis (TC) muscles. Two Board-certified radiologists evaluated intra- and inter-sagittal diameter ratios on RX, reductions of dorsal contrast columns, and dural diameters (range skull-T1). Post-mortem gross pathological and segmental histopathological examination was also performed by a Board-certified pathologist.ResultsTES-MEP latencies were significantly prolonged in both ECR and TC in all ataxic horses as opposed to the healthy horses. The TR showed a mixed pattern of normal and prolonged latency times. TES-MEP amplitudes were the least discriminative between healthy and ataxic horses. Youden’s cutoff latencies for ataxic horses were 24.6 ms for the ECR and 45.5 ms for the TC (sensitivity and specificity of 100%). For healthy horses, maximum latency values were 22 and 37 ms, respectively. RX revealed spinal cord compression in 8 out of 9 involved ataxic horses with positive predictive values of 0–100%. All ataxic horses showed multi-segmental Wallerian degeneration. All pathological changes recorded in the white matter of the spinal cord were widely dispersed across all cervical segments, whereas gray matter damage was more localized at the specific segmental level.ConclusionTES-MEP latencies are highly sensitive to detect impairment of spinal cord motor functions for mild-to-severe ataxia (grades 2–4).

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to assess neuronal functional integrity in horses

Journée,

Bergmann

et al. 2024

Front. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more reliable than computed tomography (CT) in determining the presence of CNS inflammation, although both have low specificity for the diagnosis of WNV infection [ 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 ]. MRI and CT are not used as standard diagnostic procedures for the diagnosis of WNV in horses; however, these are used as ancillary diagnostics to rule out other intracranial diseases and limb and spinal disorders in the horse [ 222 ]. Similarly, MRI has been used as part of the diagnostic workup for Eastern equine encephalitis in a dog [ 223 ].…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Wnvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance

Schwarz

Long

2023

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease threatens the health and well-being of horses and humans worldwide. Disease in horses and humans is remarkably similar. The occurrence of WNV disease in these mammalian hosts has geographic overlap with shared macroscale and microscale drivers of risk. Importantly, intrahost virus dynamics, the evolution of the antibody response, and clinicopathology are similar. The goal of this review is to provide a comparison of WNV infection in humans and horses and to identify similarities that can be exploited to enhance surveillance methods for the early detection of WNV neuroinvasive disease.

show abstract

“…(2024). Commonly, they are found dorsally or dorsolaterally, however, some cases describe them ventrally (Garrett, 2022), secondary to hydromyelia. Imaging features, as described in small animal MRI, are T2W hyperintense regions contiguous with the subarachnoid space, they are T1W hypointense and usually suppressed with fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) techniques (Thrall, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Subarachnoid diverticula in horses

Looijen

2023

Equine Veterinary Education

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Special Diagnostic Techniques in Equine Neurology (Radiography, Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to assess neuronal functional integrity in horses

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to assess neuronal functional integrity in horses

Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance

Subarachnoid diverticula in horses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About