Special dendritic and axonal endings formed by the cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons of the spinal cord

Vígh, B.; Vigh-Teichmann, I.; Aros, B

doi:10.1007/bf00225666

Cited by 56 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Such neurons display similar morphological characteristics in many vertebrate species ranging from cyclostomes to mammals (18,19), and the possibility that they represent a separate spinal neurosecretory system has been suggested (19). Our findings support this view and strongly suggest that, at least in the sucker, the central-canal CSF-contacting IR-UII neuronal system may have provided a biosynthetic identity to the above quoted neurons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Extraurophyseal distribution of urotensin II immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and their processes

Yulis

Lederis

1986

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The use of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method on serially adjacent sections permitted the demonstration of urotensin II (UII) and urotensin I (UI) immunoreactivities colocalized in most of the cells of the caudal neurosecretory system of Catostomus commersoni. The study of the upper regions of the central nervous system from the spinal cord anterior to the fifth preterminal vertebral region up to and including the brain stem revealed the presence of U1I immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons, located ventral to the central canal along the entire length of the spinal cord and medulla. Beaded nerve fibers were observed projecting to the ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord and also forming a seemingly ascending immunoreactive-UII longitudinal bundle directed toward the brain. The presence of this "extraurophyseal" system of immunoreactive-UII cells and fibers suggests that the U1I peptide may be released in upper regions of the central nervous system in response to stimuli conveyed via the cerebral spinal fluid. Thus, separate functions may be postulated for the urophyseal and the cerebral spinal fluid-contacting urotensin II systems.A caudal neurosecretory system, structurally analogous to the hypothalamic (cranial) system, exists in teleost, elasmobranch, and ganoid fishes. In teleosts, it consists of neurosecretory cells located in the caudal spinal cord that project to a highly vascularized neurohaemal region, the urophysis (1).Two types of putative peptide hormones, urotensin I (UI) and urotensin TI (UTI), have been isolated from teleost urophyses; their amino acid sequences have been determined and confirmed by the synthesis of fully active peptides (2-6). These studies revealed six different forms of the naturally occurring UTT peptide in the urophyses of three teleostean species (Gillichthys UIT, Cyprinus UT1a, -,, and -y, and Catostomus UIIA and -B). All of these UTT forms are cyclic dodecapeptides sharing an identical six-residue disulfidebridged ring in positions 6-11. The integrity of the disulfide bridge appears to be essential for UII biological activity (5, 7) and for antibody recognition in at least some cases (8).The elucidation of the Gillichthys mirabilis UIT sequence drew attention to a partial homology (positions 1-2 and 7-9) with somatostatin; however, analogies in the biological activities between the Gillichthys or other UTI peptides and somatostatin are not conclusive at present (5, 7).Previous immunocytochemical studies have shown that most or all of the caudal neurosecretory cells in several teleost species display UI or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)/UI immunoreactivity (7, 9-11), while UII immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of a nonreactive population of neurosecretory neurons in the caudal neurosecretory system, which is variable in percentage among different species (7,12).The present study was undertaken to define the localizations of UI and U1I immunoreactivities in the caudal neurosecretory system and to determine if specific immunore...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Extraurophyseal distribution of urotensin II immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and their processes

Yulis

Lederis

1986

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…S1J-N). Whole-cell GFP labeling identified these cells as the cerebrospinal fluidcontacting neurons of the central canal (CSF-cNs) VighTeichmann, 1971, 1998;Vigh et al, 1977;Stoeckel et al, 2003;Marichal et al, 2009) (Fig. 1J-M).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those settled in the lateral wall account for 73±6% of CSF-cNs at P0 (Fig. 1J,K Although spinal CSF-cNs have been described in a wide number of vertebrate species (Vigh and Vigh-Teichmann, 1971;Vigh et al, 1977Vigh et al, , 1983Stoeckel et al, 2003;Marichal et al, 2009;Huang et al, 2006;Djenoune et al, 2014;Jalalvand et al, 2014), their characteristics remain to be fully clarified. We evaluated the expression of distinct cellular markers and found that CSF-cNs express high levels of Nkx6-1 and Sox2 ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the physiological properties and the role of CSF-cNs CSF-cNs have been found in every vertebrate species examined so far, from lamprey to primates (Vigh and Vigh-Teichmann, 1971;Vigh et al, 1977Vigh et al, , 1983Barber et al, 1982;Dale et al, 1987b;Stoeckel et al, 2003;Jalalvand et al, 2014;Djenoune et al, 2014;Reali et al, 2011). However, despite this evolutionary conservation, their function has not yet been fully elucidated.…”

Section: Heterochronic Development Of Csf-cns In Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A novel subtype of Gata2/3-expressing neurons is generated in the mouse ventral spinal cord during unexpectedly advanced developmental stages. We recognized these late-born Gata2/3 + cells as cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) (Vigh and Vigh-Teichmann, 1971;Vigh et al, 1977). CSF-cNs are an intriguing cell type located around the spinal central canal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The late and dual origin of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in the mouse spinal cord

et al. 2016

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Considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that control the production of specialized neuronal types. However, how the timing of differentiation contributes to neuronal diversity in the developing spinal cord is still a pending question. In this study, we show that cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs), an anatomically discrete cell type of the ependymal area, originate from surprisingly late neurogenic events in the ventral spinal cord. CSF-cNs are identified by the expression of the transcription factors Gata2 and Gata3, and the ionic channels Pkd2l1 and Pkd1l2. Contrasting with Gata2/3 + V2b interneurons, differentiation of CSF-cNs is independent of Foxn4 and takes place during advanced developmental stages previously assumed to be exclusively gliogenic. CSF-cNs are produced from two distinct dorsoventral regions of the mouse spinal cord. Most CSF-cNs derive from progenitors circumscribed to the late-p2 and the oligodendrogenic ( pOL) domains, whereas a second subset of CSF-cNs arises from cells bordering the floor plate. The development of these two subgroups of CSF-cNs is differentially controlled by Pax6, they adopt separate locations around the postnatal central canal and they display electrophysiological differences. Our results highlight that spatiotemporal mechanisms are instrumental in creating neural cell diversity in the ventral spinal cord to produce distinct classes of interneurons, motoneurons, CSF-cNs, glial cells and ependymal cells.

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Actual problems of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons

Vígh

Vigh-Teichmann

1998

Microsc. Res. Tech.

132

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)‐contacting neurons form a part of the circumventricular organs of the central nervous system. Represented by different cytologic types and located in different regions, they constitute a CSF‐contacting neuronal system, the most central periventricular ring of neurons in the brain organized concentrically according to our concept. Because the central nervous system of deuterostomian echinoderm starfishes and the prochordate lancelet is composed mainly of CSF‐contacting‐like neurons, we hypothesize that this cell type represents ancient cells, or protoneurons, in the vertebrate brain. Neurons may contact the ventricular CSF via their dendrites, axons, or perikarya. Most of the CSF‐contacting nerve cells send their dendritic processes into the ventricular cavity, where they form ciliated terminals. These ciliated endings resemble those of known sensory cells. By means of axons, the CSF‐contacting neurons also may contact the external CSF space, where the axons form terminals of neurohormonal type similar to those known in the neurohemal areas. The most simple CSF‐contacting neurons of vertebrates are present in the terminal filum, spinal cord, and oblongate medulla. The dendritic pole of these medullospinal CSF‐contacting neurons terminates with an enlargement bearing many stereocilia in the central canal. These cells are also supplied with a 9 × 2 + 2 kinocilium that may contact Reissner's fiber, the condensed secretory material of the subcommissural organ. The Reissner's fiber floating freely in the CSF leaves the central canal at the caudal open end of the terminal filum in lower vertebrates, and open communication is thus established between internal CSF and the surrounding tissue spaces. Resembling mechanoreceptors cytologically, the spinal CSF‐contacting neurons send their axons to the outer surface of the spinal cord to form neurosecretory‐type terminals. They also send collaterals to local neurons and to higher spinal segments. In the hypothalamic part of the diencephalon, neurons of two circumventricular organs, the paraventricular organ and the vascular sac, of the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei and several parvocellular nuclei, form CSF‐contacting dendritic terminals. A CSF‐contacting neuronal area also was found in the telencephalon. The CSF‐contacting dendrites of all these areas bear solitary 9 × 2 + 0 cilia and resemble chemoreceptors and developing photoreceptors cytologically. In electrophysiological experiments, the neurons of the paraventricular organ are highly sensitive to the composition of the ventricular CSF. The axons of the CSF‐contacting neurons of the paraventricular organ and hypothalamic nuclei terminate in hypothalamic synaptic zones, and those of magno‐ and parvocellular neurosecretory nuclei also form neurohormonal terminals in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. The axons of the CSF‐contacting neurons of the vascular sac run in the nervus and tractus sacci vasculosi to the nucleus (ganglion) sacci vasculosi. Some hypothalamic CSF‐contacti...

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Special dendritic and axonal endings formed by the cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons of the spinal cord

Cited by 56 publications

References 8 publications

Extraurophyseal distribution of urotensin II immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and their processes

Extraurophyseal distribution of urotensin II immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and their processes

The late and dual origin of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in the mouse spinal cord

Actual problems of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons

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