Special Considerations in Perioperative Pain Management: Audiovisual Distraction, Geriatrics, Pediatrics, and Pregnancy

Audio–visual distraction as an adjunct to standby anaesthesia in persons with paraplegia: a case series of five operations

“…More recently, the use of AVD in combination with regional anaesthesia has become increasingly popular, with some patients requesting AVD and regional anaesthesia in preference to general anaesthesia in some centres [8][9][10][11]. While patients with complete CSCI do not require intraoperative regional anaesthesia, their fears and anxiety about surgery and environment can be as bad as those of patients having surgery under local or regional anaesthesia, and the risk of being oversedated and respiratory compromised is, perhaps, greater than in general population.…”

Postoperative Pain Management in Urology

“…If the pain still persists first weak opioids (tramadol, codeine, etc) and then strong opioids (morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, pethidine) may be administered (Figure 4). Opioids for children may be given by oral, mucosal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous routes [38].…”