Spawning salmon density influences fruit production of salmonberry (<i>Rubus spectabilis</i>)

Siemens, Lisa D.; Dennert, Allison M.; Obrist, Debora S.; Reynolds, John D.

doi:10.1002/ecs2.3282

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…The addition of marine-derived nutrients increased seed set in yarrow in the third and final year of the study. This is consistent with prior work on riparian plant species such as salmonberry, which produces a higher abundance of berries per plant on streams with larger returns of chum salmon [ 19 ]. Other work on the effect of nitrogen fertilization has shown that seed output may take several seasons of fertilization to respond [ 50 ], or may not respond to resource supplementation at all [ 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Effects on terrestrial communities include the alteration of plant, insect, and bird community structure and diversity [ 15 – 17 ]. Effects on individuals can be seen in birds, where salmon subsidies can influence male habitat selection, behaviour and territory size [ 18 ], and riparian plants, where salmon subsidies can increase stomatal density and fruit production [ 19 , 20 ]. Much of the recent work on salmon subsidies in terrestrial habitats has been necessarily observational, with a few notable exceptions [ 21 – 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental addition of marine-derived nutrients affects wildflower traits in a coastal meta-ecosystem

2023

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Organismal movement can bring individuals, resources and novel interactions across ecosystem boundaries and into recipient habitats, thereby forming meta-ecosystems. For example, Pacific salmon ecosystems receive large marine-derived nitrogen subsidies during annual spawning events, which can have a wide range of effects on aquatic and terrestrial plant species and communities. In this study, we evaluate the effects of cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies on terrestrial plant growth and reproduction. We conducted a large-scale field experiment with four treatments: (i) addition of a pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) carcass, (ii) addition of the drift seaweed rockweed ( Fucus distichus ), (iii) addition of both salmon + rockweed, and (iv) a control. We examined treatment effects on leaf nitrogen and fitness-associated floral traits in four common estuarine wildflower species. We found elevated leaf ∂ 15 N in all plant species and all sampling years in treatments with salmon carcass additions but did not observe any differences in leaf per cent nitrogen. We also observed larger leaf area in two species, a context-dependent increase in floral display area in two species, and a limited increase in plant seed set in response to both salmon carcass treatments. In sum, our study suggests that marine nutrients can affect terrestrial plant growth and reproduction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental addition of marine-derived nutrients affects wildflower traits in a coastal meta-ecosystem

2023

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“…Subsidies fluctuate in amount, quality, timing, and duration, eliciting variable effects on ecosystems (Piovia‐Scott et al, 2019; Subalusky & Post, 2019). In one study, larger amounts of spawning salmon significantly increased riparian per‐shrub berry production in Canadian streams (Siemens et al, 2020), which potentially affects avian and mammalian consumers (Traveset & Willson, 1998). Another study found that changing the seasonal timing of subsidy addition to plants resulted in a shift from bottom‐up effects for herbivores to top‐down suppression by predators (Gratton & Denno, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeographic features mediate marine subsidies to island food webs

et al. 2022

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Although marine subsidies often enrich terrestrial ecosystems, their influence is known to be context‐dependent. Additionally, the multitrophic impact of marine subsidies has not been traced through food webs across physically diverse islands. Here, we test predictions about how island characteristics can affect marine enrichment of food web constituents and how nutrients flow through island food webs. To evaluate enrichment and trace marine nutrients across food webs, we used stable isotopes of soil, flora, and fauna (n = 4752 samples) collected from 97 islands in British Columbia, Canada. Island area was the strongest predictor of enrichment across taxa; we found that samples were more 15N‐rich on smaller islands. Enrichment declined with distance from shore but less so on small islands, implying a higher per‐unit‐area subsidy effect. These area and distance‐to‐shore effects were taxon‐specific, and nearly twice as strong in basal food web groups. We also found that increases in δ15N correlated with increases in %N in basal trophic groups, as well as in songbirds, implying biologically relevant uptake of a potentially limiting nutrient. Path analysis demonstrated that subsidies in soil flow through plants and detritivores, and into upper‐level consumers. Our results reveal an interplay between island biogeography and marine subsidies in shaping island food webs through bottom‐up processes.

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“…The list of interactors is certainly incomplete due to the limited scope of our field surveys. Other types of interactions that have not yet been studied include responses to salmon‐derived nutrients among riparian plants (e.g., Hocking & Reynolds, 2011; Siemens et al, 2020), consumption of juvenile salmon and salmon eggs by forest birds (e.g., Tonra et al, 2016), the transport of salmon‐derived nutrients into terrestrial food webs through the emergence of stream insects (e.g., Francis et al, 2006), microbial interactions (discussed below), and bioturbation effects due to disturbance of the streambed (e.g., Moore & Schindler, 2008). Moreover, the prevalence of these interactions likely varies spatially and temporally due to variation in physical and biological characteristics of ecosystems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent trophic interactions following the Chinook salmon invasion of Patagonia

et al. 2022

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In their native range, Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) have strong interactions with a multitude of species due to the annual pulse of marine-derived nutrients that they deliver to streams and forests when they spawn and die. Over the past few decades, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) has established non-native populations throughout the Patagonia region of southern South America. Here, we provide the first assessment of the pathways through which salmon-derived nutrients enter stream and forest food webs in Patagonia by surveying multiple streams in southern Chile to identify invertebrate and vertebrate consumers of salmon carcasses and summarizing all documented trophic interactions of Chinook salmon in Patagonia. Blowflies (Calliphoridae) were the dominant colonizer of carcasses in the riparian zone, and midge flies (Chironomidae) were the most common invertebrate on submerged carcasses. Camera trap monitoring in the riparian zone revealed consumption of carcasses or carcass-associated invertebrates by the insectivorous passerine bird "chucao" (Scelorchilis rubecula), small rodents (black rat Rattus rattus, house mouse Mus musculus, and/or colilargo Oligoryzomys longicaudatus), the South American fox "culpeo" (Lycalopex culpaeus), and the invasive American mink (Neovison vison). A mink was filmed transferring a carcass from stream to streambank, indicating that vertebrate scavenging likely increases the degree to which marine-derived nutrients enter terrestrial food webs. The native taxa that consume salmon are closely related to species that benefit from salmon consumption in North America, suggesting that the pathways of salmon nutrient incorporation in North American food webs have functionally re-emerged in South America. Similarly, non-native trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta) and mink consume salmon in Patagonia, and their eco-evolutionary history of coexistence with salmon could mean that they are preadapted for salmon consumption and could thus be key beneficiaries of this invasion. Expanded monitoring of the Bryan D. Neff and John D. Reynolds are joint senior authors.

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Spawning salmon density influences fruit production of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)

Abstract: Spawning salmon density influences fruit production of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis).

Cited by 6 publications

References 59 publications

Experimental addition of marine-derived nutrients affects wildflower traits in a coastal meta-ecosystem

Experimental addition of marine-derived nutrients affects wildflower traits in a coastal meta-ecosystem

Biogeographic features mediate marine subsidies to island food webs

Emergent trophic interactions following the Chinook salmon invasion of Patagonia

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