Spawning characteristics of blue sprat (Spratelloides gracilis) in the waters of Penghu, central Taiwan Strait

Abstract

Blue sprat (Spratelloides gracilis) is an economically valuable species that inhabits the central Taiwan Strait. However, despite the implementation of a local management scheme involving a closed season between 1 May and 1 June, the annual catch has rapidly decreased over the decades. Thus, the efficacy of the implemented regulations must be investigated. This study sought to clarify the reproductive biology, spawning ground, and behavior of this species in the waters of Penghu. In total, 6,549 specimens were collected between March 2021 and September 2022. Considering gonadosomatic index, group maturity, and oocyte diameter, we found that the spawning season (March–September) peaked in April; new cohorts were distinctly recruited after the spawning peak. The distribution of the spawning ground (latitude, 23°41′N to 23°43′N; longitude, 119°32′E to 119°39′E) was determined by considering the fishing area of mature females and DNA analysis of adhered eggs. We further noted shoals of fish darting in the bottom water without clear schooling movement, females’ abdomen frequently contacting substrata for eggs able to attach on during oviposition, and males releasing sperms making water milky white; these indicate that S. gracilis exhibits promiscuous spawning behavior. Our findings may facilitate the management and conservation of S. gracilis in this region.