Spatiotemporal variations in copper, arsenic, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in surface water, fine-grained bed sediment, and aquatic macroinvertebrates in the upper Clark Fork Basin, western Montana—A 20-year synthesis, 1996–2016

Abstract

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A biodynamic model predicting copper and cadmium bioaccumulation in caddisflies: Linkages between field studies and laboratory exposures

“…The experimentally derived conditional rate constants in Table 2 were used in Eq 3 to compare predicted vs observed Cd and Cu caddisfly concentrations at sites in the Clark Fork River (CFR), a large metal-impacted Superfund site in western Montana ( Table 3 ). Long-term monitoring studies in this river have used caddisflies as biomonitors of environmental condition, linking changes in metal concentrations to remediation efforts [ 6 , 31 , 49 – 53 ]. Site-specific dissolved metal concentrations, ([M] w ) were adjusted to 10% of total dissolved Cu concentrations and 80% total dissolved Cd concentrations to account for complexation by inorganic ligands [ 43 ].…”

“…Both genera are members of the Hydropsychidae [ 27 ] feeding largely on seston, although Arctopsyche becomes more predaceous in later instars [ 25 ]. Both species bioaccumulate metals proportionally to environmental levels of metal contamination [ 28 – 31 ]. This characteristic along with their ubiquitous distribution, sessile habit, and typical one year life span (univoltine) makes them useful metal biomonitors [ 28 ].…”