Spatiotemporal variation of paralytic shellfish toxins in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary

Occurrence and Trophodynamics of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins in a Subtropical Marine Food Web

“…Three groups, (3) GYMs & SPXs, (4) OA & DTXs & PTXs, and (5) YTXs-groups, accounted for more than 87% of total MLPs in the benthos and had relatively high abundances in fishes (>96%). The composition patterns of MLPs in the studied organisms were generally consistent with those in organisms sampled from nearby regions and other seas in China as well as with those in phytoplankton, seawater, suspended particulate matter, and sediment …”

“…The composition patterns of MLPs in the studied organisms were generally consistent with those in organisms sampled from nearby regions and other seas in China as well as with those in phytoplankton, seawater, suspended particulate matter, and sediment. 62 The origins of the OA & DTXs & PTXs group in marine species have been identified as the dinoflagellates of Dinophysis and Prorocentrum spp. 52,63−65 In addition, the OA & DTXs & PTXs group profiles produced by P. lima can be classified into two types based on the ratio of OA/DTXs (ratio > 1 and ratio ≤ 1), and the ratios of free OA/DTX1 in several strains of P. lima found in the SCS were generally below 1, 63 whereas the ratios of free OA/DTX1 in our studied mollusks (5 out of 7 species, 71.4%), crustaceans (5 out of 5 species, 100%), and fishes (5 out of 5 species, 100%) were commonly higher than 1; the proportion of the OA & DTXs & PTXs group in the total MLPs in fishes (mean, 74%) was higher than that in the benthos (mean, 29% for mollusks and 40% for crustaceans), which can be explained by differences in the uptake-depuration of OA and DTXs among the three taxonomic groups.…”

Identifying the Source Organisms Producing Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in a Subtropical Bay in the South China Sea

“…Shellfish, phytoplankton, and isolated toxigenic algae samples were prepared for PST analysis using previously established laboratory protocols. ,, …”

“…The contents and profiles of PSTs in phytoplankton samples, shellfish samples, and isolated toxigenic algae samples were analyzed using an officially accepted post-column oxidation method with slight modifications. Methods for analyzing a mixed toxin standard, including carbamate and decarbamoyl toxins (GTX1/4, GTX2/3, dcGTX2/3, NEO, STX, dcSTX) and N- sulfocarbamoyl toxins (C1/2) are described in previous studies. ,, The PST contents of the phytoplankton samples were expressed as pmol L –1 , and the cellar toxin contents of the isolated toxigenic algae were expressed as fmol cell –1 . The PST levels in shellfish samples were expressed as nmol g –1 of tissue, and the total PST toxicities were expressed as μg STX eq.…”

“…Shellfish, phytoplankton, and isolated toxigenic algae samples were prepared for PST analysis using previously established laboratory protocols. 10,30,31 For shellfish samples, the frozen tissue was first thawed at room temperature and then treated in the homogenizer Ultra Turrax T10 (IKA-Werke GmbH & Co., Germany). A dilute HCl solution (0.1 mol L −1 ) was used to extract PST components in homogenized shellfish tissue.…”