Spatiotemporal variation in local adaptation of a specialist insect herbivore to its long-lived host plant

Kalske, Aino; Leimu, Roosa; Mutikäinen, Pia

doi:10.1111/evo.13013

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…There is strong evidence that gene flow counteracts adaptation in spatially structured populations. Many studies observe a negative correlation between the degree of local adaptation and the spatial isolation of populations or their inferred immigration rates, consistent with the idea that diversifying selection is more effective in populations that are at least partially shielded from immigration (May et al 1975;Stearns and Sage 1980;King and Lawson 1995;Storfer and Sih 1998;Hendry and Taylor 2004;Nosil and Crespi 2004;Tack and Roslin 2010;Kalske et al 2016). Similar analyses of adaptation along spatial environmental gradients are less frequent, but two studies of insects observed that clinal variation in quantitative traits along elevational gradients was more pronounced under conditions expected to reduce gene flow (longer gradient: Bridle et al 2009; species with wingless adults: Levy and Nufio 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Blue symbols and lines are the cool treatment (147C), and red is the warm treatment (217 or 227C). Error bars (51 SE), which are sometimes obscured by the symbols, were calculated over sample sizes of ∼400 individuals (A) or eight sibships (B) for latitude and of 10 sibships for elevation.E76 The American Naturalist and Taylor 2004;Bridle et al 2009;Tack and Roslin 2010;Kalske et al 2016)…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gene Flow Limits Adaptation along Steep Environmental Gradients

Bachmann

Rensburg

Cortázar-Chinarro

et al. 2020

The American Naturalist

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When environmental variation is spatially continuous, dispersing individuals move among nearby sites with similar habitat conditions. But as an environmental gradient becomes steeper, gene flow may connect more divergent habitats, and this is predicted to reduce the slope of the adaptive cline that evolves. We compared quantitative genetic divergence of Rana temporaria frog populations along a 2,000-m elevational gradient in eastern Switzerland (new experimental results) with divergence along a 1,550-km latitudinal gradient in Fennoscandia (previously published results). Both studies found significant countergradient variation in larval development rate (i.e., animals from cold climates developed more rapidly). The cline was weaker with elevation than with latitude. Animals collected on both gradients were genotyped at 2,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers, revealing that dispersal distance was 30% farther on the latitudinal gradient but 3.9 times greater with respect to environmental conditions on the elevational gradient. A meta-analysis of 19 experimental studies of anuran populations spanning temperature gradients revealed that countergradient variation in larval development, while significant overall, was weaker when measured on steeper gradients. These findings support the prediction that adaptive population divergence is less pronounced, and maladaptation more pervasive, on steep environmental gradients. abstract: When environmental variation is spatially continuous, dispersing individuals move among nearby sites with similar habitat conditions. But as an environmental gradient becomes steeper, gene flow may connect more divergent habitats, and this is predicted to reduce the slope of the adaptive cline that evolves. We compared quantitative genetic divergence of Rana temporaria frog populations along a 2,000-m elevational gradient in eastern Switzerland (new experimental results) with divergence along a 1,550-km latitudinal gradient in Fennoscandia (previously published results). Both studies found significant countergradient variation in larval development rate (i.e., animals from cold climates developed more rapidly). The cline was weaker with elevation than with latitude. Animals collected on both gradients were genotyped at ∼2,000 singlenucleotide polymorphism markers, revealing that dispersal distance was 30% farther on the latitudinal gradient but 3.9 times greater with respect to environmental conditions on the elevational gradient. A meta-analysis of 19 experimental studies of anuran populations spanning temperature gradients revealed that countergradient variation in larval development, while significant overall, was weaker when measured on steeper gradients. These findings support the prediction that adaptive population divergence is less pronounced, and maladaptation more pervasive, on steep environmental gradients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Flow Limits Adaptation along Steep Environmental Gradients

Bachmann

Rensburg

Cortázar-Chinarro

et al. 2020

The American Naturalist

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“…Emerging evidence also suggests that local adaptation in plant–herbivore interactions can vary across generations (Kalske et al . ), implying that studies of these interactions should be replicated across growing seasons or generations to evaluate dynamic patterns of local adaptation. Furthermore, local adaptation need not be reciprocal when there are antagonistic interactions between species.…”

Section: Question 2: How Do Agents Of Selection Interact To Generate mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, by placing dark vs. light coloured plasticine mouse models in inland and beach habitats, Vignieri, Larson & Hoekstra (2010) demonstrated that predation is a causal agent of local adaptation for cryptic coloration in Peromyscus polionotus. Emerging evidence also suggests that local adaptation in plant-herbivore interactions can vary across generations (Kalske et al 2016), implying that studies of these interactions should be replicated across growing seasons or generations to evaluate dynamic patterns of local adaptation. Furthermore, local adaptation need not be reciprocal when there are antagonistic interactions between species.…”

Section: B a C K G R O U N D : A B I O T I C A N D B I O T I C A G E mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation

et al. 2017

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Summary Extensive empirical work has demonstrated local adaptation to discrete environments, yet few studies have elucidated the genetic and environment mechanisms that generate it. Here, we advocate for research that broadens our understanding of local adaptation beyond pattern and towards process. We discuss how studies of local adaptation can be designed to address two unresolved questions in evolutionary ecology: Does local adaptation result from fitness trade‐offs at individual loci across habitats? How do agents of selection interact to generate local adaptation to discrete contrasting habitats types and continuous environmental gradients? To inform future investigations of the genetic basis of local adaptation, we conducted a literature review of studies that mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fitness in native field environments using reciprocal transplant experiments with hybrid mapping populations or Genome‐wide Association Study (GWAS) panels. We then reviewed the literature for field experiments that disentangle the contributions of various agents of selection to local adaptation. For each question, we suggest future lines of inquiry and discuss implications for climate change and agriculture research. (i) Studies in the native habitats of five biological systems revealed that local adaptation is more often caused by conditional neutrality than genetic trade‐offs at the level of the QTL. We consider the ramifications of this result and discuss knowledge gaps in our current understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation. (ii) We uncovered only five studies that identified the agents of selection that contribute to local adaptation, and nearly all were conducted in discrete habitats rather than across the continuous environmental gradients that many species inhabit. We introduce a novel experimental framework for illuminating the processes underlying local adaptation. A holistic view of local adaptation is critical for predicting the responses of organisms to climate change, enhancing conservation efforts, and developing strategies to improve crop resilience to environmental stress. Experiments that manipulate agents of selection in native field environments using pedigreed populations or GWAS panels offer unique opportunities for detecting the genetic and environmental mechanisms that generate local adaptation.

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“…Kalske et al . () found that the strength of local adaptation increases with increasing distance for populations of the herbivore Abrostola asclepiadis (Noctuidae) and their host plants. Similarly, our results also show that a generalist herbivore may be adapted to its local host populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic variation in performance of a widespread generalist insect herbivore

Vidal

Lill

Marquis

et al. 2020

Ecological Entomology

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1. Generalist herbivores are often widespread and occur in a variety of environments. Due to their broad distribution, it is likely that some populations of generalists will encounter host plants with geographic variation in traits that could affect the herbivore's growth and survival (i.e. performance). However, the geographic pattern of performance has rarely been studied for generalists, especially across large geographic ranges.2. This study used one of the most generalist herbivore species known, the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury 1773, Erebidae, Lepidoptera), to experimentally test how the performance of a local population of fall webworms varies with increasing geographic distance of the host plant population from the local herbivore population. Specifically, a transplant experiment was used to compare the performance of one fall webworm population feeding on its local host plants with its performance on host populations from two other locations, 1300 and 2600 km away.3. It was found that fall webworms performed better on their local host plant populations than on populations from other regions, with performance at its lowest when reared on hosts of the same species from the farthest region. It was also found that local fall webworms do not perform well on hosts commonly used by fall webworms at the other two, more distant sites.4. This study helps to elucidate how the performance of generalist herbivores varies along their geographic range and suggests possible local adaptation to different sets of hosts across sites.

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Spatiotemporal variation in local adaptation of a specialist insect herbivore to its long-lived host plant

Cited by 13 publications

References 73 publications

Gene Flow Limits Adaptation along Steep Environmental Gradients

Gene Flow Limits Adaptation along Steep Environmental Gradients

Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation

Geographic variation in performance of a widespread generalist insect herbivore

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