Spatiotemporal Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Industrialized Urban River Sediments: Fengshan River in Southern Taiwan as a Case Study

Abstract

The sediment pollution index acts as a useful indicator for assessing anthropogenic pollution within river drainage basins. An industrialized urban river, Fengshan River in Kaohsiung City, southern Taiwan has been suffering heavy metal pollution from surrounding factories. In this study, spatial and seasonal variations in heavy metals in sediments from seven sampling sites of Fengshan River were determined to assess sediment pollution status and potential ecological risk using multiple sediment pollution indices. Results showed that the heavy metal concentrations displayed large spatial variations. Severe contamination of heavy metals, especially for Cr, Hg, and Zn in the lower reaches of Fengshan River, may attribute to wastewater discharges from leather processing and metal finishing factories along the river drainage basin. An increase in metal concentrations from upstream to downstream indicated that heavy metals tend to accumulate in tidal reaches, probably as a result of the flocculation effect. Frequent heavy rainfall in the wet season can enhance surface runoff to discharge metal pollutants from non-point sources (scattered factories) into the river. Assessment of multiple pollution indices showed moderately polluted (mCd = 3.9, PLI = 2.6) and considerable ecological risk (RI = 540, mERMQ = 0.55), indicating Fengshan River sediments, particularly in the lower reaches, are considered toxic and can cause adverse effects to benthic organisms. Organic matters showed a good correlation with heavy metals, which play an important role in the spatiotemporal variations in heavy metal pollutants in the Fengshan River sediments. This study can provide valuable information for river pollution remediation, and urban planning and management.

Impacts of Fishing Vessels on the Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments: A Case Study of Qianzhen Fishing Port in Southern Taiwan

“…Heavy metal pollution assessment in sediments is currently carried out through sediment pollution indices, normalization, and comparison with sediment quality guidelines and regulations [32,53]. In particular, pollution characteristics of heavy metal in sediments and their ecological risks can be evaluated through multiple sediment pollution indices [39,54]. Those sediment pollution indices provide comparative means for ranking the overall contamination degree of heavy metals in each site, and have been extensively utilized to obtain an integrated judgment of sediment contamination levels [32,33].…”

Vertical and Lateral Variation of Ecological Risk Index of Heavy Metals in the Euphrates River Sediments between Heet and Fallujah, Iraq.

“…This method was used in the current study to assess the ErI of heavy metals in the sediments of the Euphrates River. The Hakanson method has been used to assess the potential ecological hazards of heavy metals in the sediments of many rivers and water streams, e.g., Xihe River/China [2], Fengshan River/Taiwan [11], Strzyza Stream and Warta River /Poland [4,12], Munzur Stream/Turkey [13]. While the spatial variation (vertical and horizontal) of heavy metal concentrations in river sediments have been studied by many authors (e.g.…”

“…While the spatial variation (vertical and horizontal) of heavy metal concentrations in river sediments have been studied by many authors (e.g. [4,11,12,14,15), Vertical and horizontal variation of potential ecological hazards resulting from heavy metal pollution of river sediments has not been investigated.…”