Spatiotemporal interpolation of discharge across a river network by using synthetic SWOT satellite data

Abstract

Recent efforts have sought to estimate river discharge and other surface water-related quantities using spaceborne sensors, with better spatial coverage but worse temporal sampling as compared with in situ measurements. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will provide river discharge estimates globally from space. However, questions on how to optimally use the spatially distributed but asynchronous satellite observations to generate continuous fields still exist. This paper presents a statistical model (River Kriging-RK), for estimating discharge time series in a river network in the context of the SWOT mission. RK uses discharge estimates at different locations and times to produce a continuous field using spatiotemporal kriging. A key component of RK is the space-time river discharge covariance, which was derived analytically from the diffusive wave approximation of Saint Venant's equations. The RK covariance also accounts for the loss of correlation at confluences. The model performed well in a case study on Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River system in Bangladesh using synthetic SWOT observations. The correlation model reproduced empirically derived values. RK (R 2 50.83) outperformed other kriging-based methods (R 2 50.80), as well as a simple time series linear interpolation (R 2 50.72). RK was used to combine discharge from SWOT and in situ observations, improving estimates when the latter is included (R 2 50.91). The proposed statistical concepts may eventually provide a feasible framework to estimate continuous discharge time series across a river network based on SWOT data, other altimetry missions, and/or in situ data.

Spatiotemporal Assimilation/Interpolation of Discharge Records through Inverse Streamflow Routing

“…The need for global discharge and runoff observations and estimates is not new and there have been a number of recent studies 25 that have taken different approaches to generating spatially and temporally distributed discharge from point observations (Andreadis et al, 2007;Biancamaria et al, 2011;Paiva et al, 2013;Paiva et al, 2015). The ISR method is an alternative approach to these methods, which allows for the creation of spatially distributed discharge fields that are not only spatially consistent but are also consistent through time, due to the application of a Kalman Smoother.…”

“…(Paiva et al, 2015 andYoon et al, 2013). These statistical methods often show good agreement for the reconstructed discharge with little computational cost but are highly dependent on the formulation of the covariance matrix for each river system.…”

Modelling stream flow with a discrete rainfall–runoff model and 37 GHz PDBT microwave observations: the Xiangjiang River basin case study

“…WSS and inundated area) and even stream flow in the future, i.e. by SWOT (Bates et al, 2014;Gleason and Smith, 2014;Paiva et al, 2015), can be applied to determine the weights w i using Eq. (3).…”

Competitive Strategies Applying in Cultural Museums through Tourism Industry: The Case of Taiwan Hualien

“…1; 2016 86 formation of corporate strategy (Weihrich, 1982) and then more widely applied to the formation of overall strategy of enterprises (Weihrich, 1993;Proctor, 1997Proctor, , 2000, industrial strategy analysis (Lin, 2015) or strategic planning for the tourism industry (Ramos, Salazar, & Gomes, 2000 Figure 1. Principles of the TOWS matrix Source: David, 1997;Lin, 2015. According to recent studies (Frost, 2003;Kearns, 2006;Akli Achabou et al, 2009;Schroeder et al, 2010;Sanchis-Palacio et al, 2011;Atta-Ur-Rahman et al, 2012;Jeroen et al, 2012;Rodrigo et al, 2015;Belmondo et al, 2015), SWOT analysis is often combined with a TOWS matrix to develop the effective strategic planning needed by cases. However, because of the dependence of assessment criteria, this study deals with the planning of a Co-opetition Strategy of local Hakka cultural museums in Hualien using a BCRU decision-making model constructed via a SWOT-TOWS matrix theory and ANP.…”