Spatiotemporal evaluation of hydrochemical facies and pesticide residues in the cardamom plantations of Southern Western Ghats, India

Establishment of Baseline Reference Geochemical Values in Tropical Soils of Western Ghats: Assessment of Periyar Basin with Special Reference to Contaminant Geochemistry

“…Pesticides such as acephate, fenvalerate, methamidophos, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and ethion have been reported to be widely used in the areas of cardamom plantations of the study area. [3] Since leaching of Cu is vigorous during monsoon perhaps due to high humidity and heavy rainfall, a significant trend observed in non-monsoon was not visible during monsoon. Furthermore, PCA analysis showed Cu to have an anthropogenic origin in both seasons.…”

“…Highlands of the PRB are one of the largest production centers of cardamom in India with high yielding varieties. [3,23] In these areas, the cultivation mainly depends on chemical fertilizers and pesticides like ethion, fenvalerate, Endosulfan, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, alpha-Endosulfan, beta-Endosulfan, Quinalphos, Profenophos, chlorpyriphos, lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, Imidacloprid, Indoxacarb, and acephate, etc. [3]…”

“…Long term changes in soil quality can be induced when trace element inputs are sustained over long periods and when they exceed the rate of loss from the system. Application of inorganic fertilizers or liquid and solid manure can add various metal ions into soils through agricultural practices [3] and these in turn may enter the food chain leading to bioaccumulation or biomagnification. The case is severe in the less populated and less industrialized rural areas since health of individuals are at a greater risk due to direct exposure to soil than their heavily urbanized counterparts.…”

Evaluation of Land Suitability for Clove (Eugenia Aromantica L) and Nut-meg (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) in Nusalaut Island Central Maluku Regency

“…As for the land suitability class for nutmeg plants, it is quite suitable (S2) covering an area of 123.75 ha or 5.66% with limiting factors for root media and nutrient retention (rc, nr), S2nr covering an area of 409.93 ha or 18.77%, S2eh limiting factor for slopes covering an area of 918.7 ha or 42.1% and for class not appropriate (N). area of 731.52 ha or 33.50% (Gayathri et al, 2021).…”