“…In this way, long-range signalling through tissues is propagated as waves of cell activation that travel outwardly from signalling centres ( Deneke and Di Talia, 2018 ). Prominent examples of biological activation waves include ERK waves in the developing skin, breast, and colon and during wound closure ( Aoki et al, 2017 ; Ender et al, 2022 ; Pond et al, 2022 ), periodic activation waves in the brain ( Huang et al, 2010 ), chemoattractant waves in neutrophil swarms ( Afonso et al, 2012 ), morphogen waves during gastrulation ( Liu et al, 2021 ), waves of cell stress in bacterial biofilms ( Chou et al, 2022 ), and cAMP waves in Dictyostelium aggregation ( Tomchik and Devreotes, 1981 ). Waves can also be pathological, such as in cardiac fibrillation, where waves drive muscle contraction independently of the pacemaker ( Pandit and Jalife, 2013 ).…”