“…Characterized by high openness, short acquisition cycle and low cost, remote sensing data are extensively applied in various studies. Thereinto, nighttime light images (NTL) are extensively applied to study human social activities (Li and Li, 2015;Li et al, 2019), such as spatial analysis of population (Lo, 2001;Zhou et al, 2005), urban area analysis (Shu et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2021;Jiang et al, 2022), land use management (Rahman et al, 2021), energy consumption and carbon emissions (Su et al, 2013;Ma and Xiao, 2017;Du et al, 2021;Niu et al, 2021), social and economic development analysis (Li et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2019;Li et al, 2019;Li et al, 2021;Peng et al, 2022;Jiang et al, 2021), air quality analysis (Cao, 2016;Wu et al, 2021), physical fitness analysis (Deng et al, 2022;Liao et al, 2022), and disaster monitoring (Du et al, 2020). These studies are closely associated with the sustainable development and sustainable development goals of the human society.…”